Smolagents vs LangGraph: A Comprehensive Comparison of AI Agent Frameworks

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has spurred the development of frameworks to build AI agents capable of dynamic decision-making and task execution. Two prominent contenders in this space are smolagents (from Hugging Face) and LangGraph (from LangChain). This article delves into the features and capabilities of both these models, providing a detailed comparison of smolagents vs LangGraph. We will first compare the architecture and features of both the models before moving on to their frameworks and applications for single agent and multi-agent systems. The article aims to find out the benefits and advantages of these models, so developers can make an informed choice while selecting the right LLM for their task.

Smolagents: Minimalism and Code-Centric Agents

Smolagents prioritizes simplicity, with a codebase of ~1,000 lines. It focuses on code agents where LLMs write actions as executable Python code instead of JSON or text blobs. This approach leverages the composability and generality of code, reducing steps by ~30% compared to traditional tool-calling methods. Its design emphasizes:

• Simplicity: Minimal abstractions for rapid prototyping.
• Security: Sandboxed execution via E2B to mitigate arbitrary code risks.
• Open-Source Flexibility: Seamless integration with Hugging Face models and tools, plus support for OpenAI, Anthropic, and others via LiteLLM.

LangGraph: Enterprise-Grade Workflow Orchestration

LangGraph targets complex, multi-agent systems with graph-based task orchestration. Built on LangChain, it enables granular control over workflows using nodes (tasks) and edges (dependencies). Its key features include:

• Scalability: Supports loops, conditional branching, and multi-agent collaboration.
• Enterprise Readiness: Integrates with LangSmith for monitoring and debugging, making it suitable for regulated industries.
• Modularity: Easily extendable with APIs, databases, and external tools.

Smolagents vs LangGraph: Architecture

In this section, we’ll explore the underlying architectures of smolagents and LangGraph, focusing on how each framework structures and executes workflows. By understanding their approaches, you can better assess which framework aligns with your project requirements.

First let’s understand the architectures of both these frameworks and how they work.

Smolagents’ CodeAgent class enables LLMs to generate Python snippets that call predefined tools (e.g., web search, API interactions). For example:

from smolagents import CodeAgent, DuckDuckGoSearchTool
agent = CodeAgent(tools=[DuckDuckGoSearchTool()], model=HfApiModel())
agent.run("How long would a leopard take to cross Pont des Arts?")

The agent iteratively refines actions based on observations, terminating when the task is solved.

On the other hand, LangGraph structures workflows as graphs. For instance, a customer service agent might involve:

workflow = StateGraph(AgentState)
workflow.add_node("Supervisor", supervisor_agent)
workflow.add_conditional_edges("Supervisor", lambda x: x["next"], ...)

This architecture excels in scenarios requiring multi-step reasoning, like LinkedIn’s SQL Bot, which translates natural language queries into database operations.

Smolagents vs LangGraph: Key Features

Now let’s compare the key features of smolagents and LangGraph.

Framework Comparison: Solving the Fibonacci Sequence Task

To compare smolagents and LangGraph, we can create a simple example where both frameworks are used to solve the same task. Here the task is to generate the 118th number in the Fibonacci sequence.

Using Smolagents

from smolagents import CodeAgent, LiteLLMModel


# Replace with your actual OpenAI API key
openai_api_key = "sk-api_key"


# Initialize the model with OpenAI settings
model = LiteLLMModel(model_id="gpt-4", api_key=openai_api_key)


# Create the CodeAgent with the specified model
agent = CodeAgent(tools=[], model=model, add_base_tools=True)


# Run the agent with the query
response = agent.run(
   "Could you give me the 118th number in the Fibonacci sequence?",
)


print(response)

Output:

Using LangGraph

from langgraph.graph import StateGraph
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage


# Define state schema
class AgentState(dict):
   input: str
   response: str


# Initialize components
workflow = StateGraph(AgentState)


# Replace with your actual OpenAI API key
llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", temperature=0, api_key="sk-api_key")


# Define nodes
def generate_response(state):
   result = llm.invoke([HumanMessage(content=state["input"])])
   return {"response": result.content}


# Set up workflow
workflow.add_node("fibonacci_solver", generate_response)
workflow.set_entry_point("fibonacci_solver")
workflow.set_finish_point("fibonacci_solver")


# Execute workflow
app = workflow.compile()
result = app.invoke({"input": "Calculate the 118th Fibonacci number"})
print("LangGraph Result:", result["response"])

Output:

Comparative Analysis

Smolagents focuses on generating and executing Python code securely within a sandbox (E2B), with iterative debugging for error correction. For example, it can accurately compute the 118th Fibonacci number as an integer (2046711111473984623691759) through three API calls covering code generation, execution, and verification.

LangGraph emphasizes explicit state management and future workflow extensions, offering a full audit trail of execution steps. It efficiently returns results with a single API call, though its output for the 118th Fibonacci number (5358359) lacks accuracy compared to smolagents.

Creating Multi-Agents: Smolagents vs LangGraph

When building multi-agent systems, the tools and frameworks you choose significantly impact the architecture, flexibility, and execution of the agents. Let’s find out how smolagents and LangGraph handle multi-agent creation, by exploring their strengths and use cases.

Smolagents: Modular and Flexible Agent Creation

Smolagents provides a flexible and modular approach to building multi-agents. In smolagents, you can easily create agents by combining tools (such as search engines, APIs, etc.) and models (like LLMs or machine learning models). Each agent performs a specific task, and these agents can be orchestrated to work together.

• Structure: Agents are created using classes like CodeAgent and ManagedAgent. The agent’s behavior is determined by the tools it uses and the tasks it is designed to execute. Multiple agents can be combined to form complex workflows.
• Execution: The execution flow in smolagents is straightforward. Agents execute tasks sequentially or in a managed sequence, and agents like ManagedAgent handle the orchestration of multiple sub-agents.
• Flexibility: Smolagents offers flexibility by allowing the addition of new agents and tools as needed without requiring a predefined structure. It is ideal for quick prototypes or simpler workflows where you need more control over individual agents. particularly when multiple tasks depend on each other.

Example Code:

from smolagents import CodeAgent, HfApiModel, DuckDuckGoSearchTool, ManagedAgent


model = HfApiModel()


# Web search agent to find the latest AI research paper
web_agent = CodeAgent(tools=[DuckDuckGoSearchTool()], model=model)


# Managed agent that runs web searches
managed_web_agent = ManagedAgent(
   agent=web_agent,
   name="web_search",
   description="Searches the web for the latest AI research papers."
)


# Manager agent that orchestrates the web search agent
manager_agent = CodeAgent(
   tools=[], model=model, managed_agents=[managed_web_agent]
)


# Running the manager agent to find the latest AI research paper
manager_agent.run("Find the latest research paper on AI.")

LangGraph: Structured, State-Driven Workflow for Multi-Agent Systems

LangGraph takes a more formalized and state-driven approach to creating multi-agent systems. It uses a StateGraph to represent the entire workflow, where each agent performs tasks (represented as nodes in the graph) and passes state between tasks. This makes it well-suited for more complex workflows where agents need to operate in sequence with clear dependencies.

• Structure: In LangGraph, agents are represented as tasks within a state machine, and the state is passed between tasks (nodes) during execution. Each task manipulates the state and moves it along the workflow.
• Execution: LangGraph orchestrates tasks within a predefined workflow, allowing for more complex sequences of operations and ensuring that agents’ interactions are managed via the state transitions.
• Flexibility: While LangGraph requires more setup due to its structured workflow, it offers greater control when designing complex multi-agent systems, particularly when multiple tasks depend on each other.

Example Code:

from langgraph.graph import StateGraph
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage
from langchain.tools import DuckDuckGoSearchResults


# Define the state schema that will be shared between agents
class AgentState(dict):
   input: str
   search_results: str
   response: str


# Initialize LangChain LLM
llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", temperature=0, api_key="sk-api_key")


# Define web search tool (using DuckDuckGoSearchResults)
search_tool = DuckDuckGoSearchResults()


# Define the nodes (tasks for agents)
def perform_search(state):
   # Perform web search using DuckDuckGo
   query = state["input"]
   results = search_tool.run(query)  # Getting search results
   state["search_results"] = results  # Storing the results in state
   return state


def generate_response(state):
   # Generate a response based on the search results
   results = state["search_results"]
   result_message = f"Latest AI research paper: {results}"
   state["response"] = result_message  # Storing the response in state
   return state


# Initialize StateGraph
workflow = StateGraph(AgentState)


# Add nodes to the workflow (each node is an agent's task)
workflow.add_node("web_search", perform_search)
workflow.add_node("response_generation", generate_response)


# Set entry and finish points
workflow.set_entry_point("web_search")
workflow.set_finish_point("response_generation")


# Compile and execute the workflow
app = workflow.compile()
result = app.invoke({"input": "Find the latest research paper on AI"})


# Output the response
print("LangGraph Result:", result)

Comparison: Smolagents vs LangGraph in Multi-Agent Systems

When to Choose Which Framework?

Choosing the right framework depends on your project requirements, resource constraints, and the level of complexity in your workflows. Smolagents and LangGraph cater to distinct use cases, and understanding their strengths can help you make an informed decision.

Opt for smolagents if:

• You need quick prototyping with minimal boilerplate.
• Your task benefits from code-based tooling (e.g., data analysis, travel planning).
• You prioritize open-source models and community-driven tools.

Choose LangGraph if:

• Your workflow requires multi-agent collaboration (e.g., research → analysis → reporting).
• You need enterprise-grade control with monitoring (LangSmith) and audit trails.
• The task involves complex dependencies (e.g., document processing pipelines).

Limitations of Smolagents and LangGraph

While both smolagents and LangGraph are powerful tools, they come with certain limitations that should be considered based on the requirements of your workflow.

Limitations of Smolagents

• Limited Human-in-the-Loop Support: Smolagents is designed to execute tasks autonomously, making it less ideal for workflows that require frequent human intervention, such as manual approvals, nuanced decision-making, or periodic adjustments.
• Not Ideal for Regulated Environments: Its lightweight architecture and focus on simplicity mean it lacks features like comprehensive audit trails or granular permissions. This makes it less suitable for industries with strict compliance requirements, such as finance, healthcare, or legal domains.
• Scalability Concerns for Complex Workflows: While smolagents excels in handling simple, straightforward agents, it may struggle to efficiently scale when dealing with highly complex workflows that involve multiple interdependent tasks or long-running processes.

Limitations of LangGraph

• Challenging Debugging Process: LangGraph’s reliance on abstracted state management can make debugging more complex, especially when errors arise in multi-agent workflows or graphical executions. Developers may need to invest additional time to trace issues across the system.
• Heavy Dependency on LangChain: LangGraph’s deep integration with the LangChain ecosystem, while powerful, creates a dependency on LangChain’s updates and compatibility. This could limit flexibility, particularly if a user wants to work outside the LangChain ecosystem or switch to alternative frameworks.
• Higher Resource Requirements: LangGraph’s advanced features and reliance on graphical execution can lead to higher computational and memory requirements, making it less efficient for lightweight or resource-constrained environments.

Conclusion

Choosing the right AI agent framework depends on your specific project requirements, including the complexity of workflows, memory management needs, tool integrations, and ease of use. Both smolagents and LangGraph offer unique strengths that cater to distinct tasks. Understanding the features and capabilities of smolagents and LangGraph will help you select the most suitable framework for your AI development needs.

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Janvi Kumari

Hi, I am Janvi, a passionate data science enthusiast currently working at Analytics Vidhya. My journey into the world of data began with a deep curiosity about how we can extract meaningful insights from complex datasets.