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Reading list

Machine Learning Basics for a Newbie
6 Steps of Machine learning Lifecycle Introduction to Predictive Modeling
Reading Data Files into Python Different Variable Datatypes
Probability for Data Science Basic Concepts of Probability Axioms of Probability Conditional Probability
Central Tendencies for Continuous Variables Spread of Data KDE plots for Continuous Variable Overview of Distribution for Continuous variables Normal Distribution Skewed Distribution Skeweness and Kurtosis Distribution for Continuous Variable
Central Tendencies for Categorical Variables Understanding Discrete Distributions Performing EDA on Categorical Variables
Dealing with Missing Values Understanding Outliers Identifying Outliers in Data Outlier Detection in Python Outliers Detection Using IQR, Z-score, LOF and DBSCAN
Sample and Population Central Limit Theorem Confidence Interval and Margin of Error
Bivariate Analysis Introduction
Covariance Pearson Correlation Spearman's Correlation & Kendall's Tau Correlation versus Causation Tabular and Graphical methods for Bivariate Analysis Performing Bivariate Analysis on Continuous-Continuous Variables
Tabular and Graphical methods for Continuous-Categorical Variables Introduction to Hypothesis Testing P-value Two sample Z-test T-test T-test vs Z-test Performing Bivariate Analysis on Continuous-Catagorical variables
Chi-Squares Test Bivariate Analysis on Categorical Categorical Variables
Multivariate Analysis A Comprehensive Guide to Data Exploration The Data Science behind IPL
Supervised Learning vs Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning Generative and Descriminative Models Parametric and Non Parametric model
Machine Learning Pipeline Preparing Dataset Build a Benchmark Model: Regression Build a Benchmark Model: Classification
Evaluation Metrics for Machine Learning Everyone should know Confusion Matrix Accuracy Precision and Recall AUC-ROC Log Loss R2 and Adjusted R2
Dealing with Missing Values Replacing Missing Values Imputing Missing Values in Data Working with Categorical Variables Working with Outliers Preprocessing Data for Model Building
Understanding Cost Function Understanding Gradient Descent Math Behind Gradient Descent Assumptions of Linear Regression Implement Linear Regression from Scratch Train Linear Regression in Python Implementing Linear Regression in R Diagnosing Residual Plots in Linear Regression Models Generalized Linear Models Introduction to Logistic Regression Odds Ratio Implementing Logistic Regression from Scratch Introduction to Scikit-learn in Python Train Logistic Regression in python Multiclass using Logistic Regression How to use Multinomial and Ordinal Logistic Regression in R ? Challenges with Linear Regression Introduction to Regularisation Implementing Regularisation Ridge Regression Lasso Regression
Introduction to K Nearest Neighbours Determining the Right Value of K in KNN Implement KNN from Scratch Implement KNN in Python
Bias Variance Tradeoff Introduction to Overfitting and Underfitting Visualizing Overfitting and Underfitting Selecting the Right Model What is Validation? Hold-Out Validation Understanding K Fold Cross Validation
Introduction to Feature Selection Feature Selection Algorithms Missing Value Ratio Low Variance Filter High Correlation Filter Backward Feature Elimination Forward Feature Selection Implement Feature Selection in Python Implement Feature Selection in R
Introduction to Decision Tree Purity in Decision Tree Terminologies Related to Decision Tree How to Select Best Split Point in Decision Tree? Chi-Squares Information Gain Reduction in Variance Optimizing Performance of Decision Tree Train Decision Tree using Scikit Learn Pruning of Decision Trees
Introduction to Feature Engineering Feature Transformation Feature Scaling Feature Engineering Frequency Encoding Automated Feature Engineering: Feature Tools
Introduction to Naive Bayes Conditional Probability and Bayes Theorem Introduction to Bayesian Adjustment Rating: The Incredible Concept Behind Online Ratings! Working of Naive Bayes Math behind Naive Bayes Types of Naive Bayes Implementation of Naive Bayes
Understanding how to solve Multiclass and Multilabled Classification Problem Evaluation Metrics: Multi Class Classification
Introduction to Ensemble Techniques Basic Ensemble Techniques Implementing Basic Ensemble Techniques Finding Optimal Weights of Ensemble Learner using Neural Network Why Ensemble Models Work well?
Introduction to Stacking Implementing Stacking Variants of Stacking Implementing Variants of Stacking Introduction to Blending Bootstrap Sampling Introduction to Random Sampling Hyper-parameters of Random Forest Implementing Random Forest Out-of-Bag (OOB) Score in the Random Forest IPL Team Win Prediction Project Using Machine Learning Introduction to Boosting Gradient Boosting Algorithm Math behind GBM Implementing GBM in python Regularized Greedy Forests Extreme Gradient Boosting Implementing XGBM in python Tuning Hyperparameters of XGBoost in Python Implement XGBM in R/H2O Adaptive Boosting Implementing Adaptive Boosing LightGBM Implementing LightGBM in Python Catboost Implementing Catboost in Python
Different Hyperparameter Tuning methods Implementing Different Hyperparameter Tuning methods GridsearchCV RandomizedsearchCV Bayesian Optimization for Hyperparameter Tuning Hyperopt
Understanding SVM Algorithm SVM Kernels In-depth Intuition and Practical Implementation SVM Kernel Tricks Kernels and Hyperparameters in SVM Implementing SVM from Scratch in Python and R
Introduction to Principal Component Analysis Steps to Perform Principal Compound Analysis Computation of Covariance Matrix Finding Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues Implementing PCA in python Visualizing PCA A Brief Introduction to Linear Discriminant Analysis Introduction to Factor Analysis
Introduction to Clustering Applications of Clustering Evaluation Metrics for Clustering Understanding K-Means Implementation of K-Means in Python Implementation of K-Means in R Choosing Right Value for K Profiling Market Segments using K-Means Clustering Hierarchical Clustering Implementation of Hierarchial Clustering DBSCAN Defining Similarity between clusters Build Better and Accurate Clusters with Gaussian Mixture Models
Understand Basics of Recommendation Engine with Case Study
8 Ways to Improve Accuracy of Machine Learning Models
Introduction to Dask Working with CuML
Introduction to Machine Learning Interpretability Framework and Interpretable Models model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Implementing Interpretable Model Understanding SHAP Out-of-Core ML Introduction to Interpretable Machine Learning Models Model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Game Theory & Shapley Values
Introduction to Machine Learning Interpretability Framework and Interpretable Models model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Implementing Interpretable Model Understanding SHAP Out-of-Core ML Introduction to Interpretable Machine Learning Models Model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Game Theory & Shapley Values
Introduction to AutoML Implementation of MLBox Introduction to PyCaret TPOT Auto-Sklearn EvalML
Pickle and Joblib Introduction to Model Deployment
Deploying Machine Learning Model using Streamlit Deploying ML Models in Docker Deploy Using Streamlit Deploy on Heroku Deploy Using Netlify Introduction to Amazon Sagemaker Setting up Amazon SageMaker Using SageMaker Endpoint to Generate Inference Deploy on Microsoft Azure Cloud Introduction to Flask for Model Deploying ML model using Flask
Model Deployment in Android Model Deployment in Iphone

How to Learn Mathematics For Machine Learning?

Ananya Chakraborty
Ananya Chakraborty Last Updated : 12 Mar, 2024
8 min read

Are you an aspiring data scientist who is fascinated by how things workaround in the world of data science and machine learning? Well, congrats on choosing the right career path that is best suited for you at this point in time. However, did you know that you need to ace mathematics for machine learning and data science? Yes, you heard it right.

Mathematics For Machine Learning image

No matter what kind of love-hate kind of relationship you had with maths back in school. The core concepts used in Maths and Statistics are actually very useful to make strategic decisions while designing machine learning models. So, if you have decided to choose this career path in the field of data science, you need to start loving the concepts of maths and implement them in your future as it is one of the prerequisites for machine learning.

This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon

Table of contents

What is the Correlation Between Machine Learning and Maths?

Mathematics For Machine Learning stats

Machine learning is all about maths, which in turn helps in creating an algorithm that can learn from data to make an accurate prediction. The prediction could be as simple as classifying dogs or cats from a given set of pictures or what kind of products to recommend to a customer based on past purchases. Hence, it is very important to properly understand the maths concepts behind any central machine learning algorithm. This way, it helps you pick all the right algorithms for your project in data science and machine learning.

Machine learning is primarily built on mathematical prerequisites so as long as you can understand why the maths is used, you will find it more interesting. With this, you will understand why we pick one machine learning algorithm over the other and how it affects the performance of the machine learning model.

Objective of this Blog

  1. Which Mathematical Concepts are involved in machine learning?
  2. Why do you need maths in machine learning projects?
  3. What is the proper way to learn it?

In today’s blog post, we will be discussing exactly all the mathematical concepts you need to learn to master the concepts of data science and machine learning. We will also learn why we use mathematics in machine learning with some examples.

Let’s start by looking at the many forms of math utilized in data science and machine learning so that you can get a better understanding of what you truly need to know about maths for the data science profession.

Which Mathematical Concepts are Implemented in Data Science and Machine Learning

Machine learning is powered by four critical concepts and is Statistics, Linear Algebra, Probability, and Calculus. While statistical concepts are the core part of every model, calculus helps us learn and optimize a model. Linear algebra comes exceptionally handy when we are dealing with a huge dataset and probability helps in predicting the livelihood of events that will be occurring. These are the mathematical concepts that you will encounter in your data science and machine learning career quite frequently.

Mathematical Concepts Important for Machine Learning & Data Science

  1. Linear Algebra
  2. Calculus
  3. Probability Theory
  4. Discrete Maths
  5. Statistics
mathematics for data science

Linear Algebra Concept in Machine Learning

Understanding how to construct linear equations is a fundamental component in developing central machine learning algorithms. These will be used to evaluate and observe data collections. Linear algebra is applied in machine learning algorithms in loss functions, regularisation, covariance matrices, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Matrix Operations, and support vector machine classification. It is also applied in machine learning algorithms like linear regression. These are the concepts that are needed for understanding the optimization methods used for machine learning

In order to perform a Principal Component Analysis that is used to reduce the dimensionality of data, we use linear algebra. Linear algebra is also heavily used in neural networks for the processing and representation of networks. So needless to say, you need to be interested in linear algebra as it is extensively used in the field of data science.

However, don’t get intimidated by this as understanding the concepts will be important, but you don’t have to be an expert in linear algebra to solve most problems. Only sound knowledge of the concepts will be good enough. Mathematics for Machine Learning by Marc Peter deisenroth is an excellent book to help you get started on this journey if you are struggling with Maths in the beginning.

Calculus in Machine Learning

Many learners who didn’t fancy learning calculus that was taught in school will be in for a rude shock as it is an integral part of machine learning. Thankfully, you may not need to master calculus, it’s only important to learn and understand the principles of calculus. Also, you need to understand the practical applications of machine learning through calculus during model building.

So, if you understand how the derivative of the function returns its rate of change in calculus, then you will be able to understand the concept of gradient descent. In gradient descent, we need to find the local minima for a function and so on. If you happen to have saddle points or multiple minima, a gradient descent might find out a local minima and not a global minima, unless you start from multiple points. Some of the necessary topics to ace the calculus part in data science are Differential and Integral Calculus, Partial Derivatives, Vector-Values Functions, Directional Gradients.

Multivariate calculus is utilized in algorithm training as well as in gradient descent. Derivatives, divergence, curvature, and quadratic approximations are all important concepts you can learn and implement.

The mathematics of machine learning might seem intimidating to you right now, however, you will be able to understand the concepts of calculus that are required to build a successful machine learning model within few days of constructive learning.

Use of Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics is a critical concept that every aspiring data scientist needs to learn to understand machine learning when working with classifications like logistic regression, distributions, discrimination analysis, and hypothesis testing.

If you were struggling with Statistics in school then you need to put in your 200 percent to learn the mathematics part of statistics as it is very essential for you to become a successful data scientist. To put it down in simpler words, statistics is the main part of mathematics for machine learning. Some of the fundamental statistics needed for ML are Combinatorics, Axioms, Bayes’ Theorem, Variance and Expectation, Random Variables, Conditional, and Joint Distributions.

Discrete Maths in Machine Learning

Discrete mathematics is concerned with non-continuous numbers, most often integers. Many applications necessitate the use of discrete numbers. When scheduling a taxi fleet, for example, you cannot send 0.34 taxis; you must send complete ones. You can’t have half a postman or make him visit 1 and a half places to deliver the letters.

Many of the structures in artificial intelligence are discrete. A neural network, for example, has an integer number of nodes and interconnections. It can’t have 0.65 nodes or a ninth of a link. As a result, the mathematics used to construct a neural network must include a discrete element, the integer representing the number of nodes and interconnections.

You can get away with just the fundamentals of discrete math for machine learning unless you wish to work with relational domains, graphical models, combinatorial problems, structured prediction, and so on. To master these concepts you have to refer to books on discrete maths. Luckily for computer science graduates, these concepts are properly covered in their college. However, others may have to put additional efforts to understand this subject. Hence, discrete mathematics is a very important component of AI & ML.

mathematics for data science

Probability Theory in Machine Learning

To properly work through a machine learning predictive modeling project, it would be reasonable to conclude that probability is essential.

Machine learning is the process of creating prediction models from ambiguous data. Working with faulty or incomplete information is what uncertainty entails.

Uncertainty is crucial to machine learning, yet it is one of the components that creates the most difficulties for newcomers, particularly those coming from a programming background.

In machine learning, there are three major sources of uncertainty: noisy data, limited coverage of the problem area, and of course imperfect models. However, with the help of the right probability tools, we can estimate the solution to the problem.

Probability is essential for hypothesis testing and distributions like the Gaussian distribution and the probability density function.

Let us now look at the applications once we have looked at the types in math and data science.

Why Should you be Concerned About Math? Why do you Need Maths in Machine Learning Projects?

There are numerous reasons why mathematics for Machine Learning is significant, and I will be sharing a few of the important pointers below:

  • Choosing the best algorithm requires taking into account accuracy, training time, model complexity, number of parameters, and number of features.
  • Choosing parameter values and validation methods.
  • Understanding the Bias-Variance tradeoff allows you to identify underfitting and overfitting issues that normally occur while executing the program.
  • Determining the correct confidence interval and uncertainty.

What is the Proper Way to Learn Maths For Data Science And Machine Learning?

mathematics for data science

Although there are plenty of valuable resources available on the internet which explains concepts like matrix decompositions vector calculus, linear algebra analytic geometry matrix, maths behind the principal component analysis, and support vector machines. Not all resources are a one-stop solution for your understanding. Hence, I have collated a list of books, websites, and youtube channels that can help you better your theoretical concept in the field of artificial intelligence.

  • Mathematics for Machine Learning by Marc Peter Deisenroth is the book that can help you to start your mathematical journey. Practical applications of the algorithms and the maths behind them have been clearly explained. All the concepts of mathematics have been properly explained- You can refer to the online pdf here -https://mml-book.github.io/book/mml-book.pdf
  • Multivariate Calculus by Imperial College London – Imperial College London has basically come up with a YouTube series that covers the important concepts of multivariate calculus and its application in various ml algorithms. Although the entire course is in collaboration with Coursera, Imperial College London has made it available for free for all the inquisitive learners.
  • Khan Academy’s courses on Linear Algebra, Probability & Statistics, Multivariable Calculus, and Optimization– A very comprehensive and free resource available for all the learners to further their knowledge in complex concepts like linear algebra analytic geometry matrix.
  • All of statistics: A Concise Course in Statistical Inference by Larry Wasserman is supposedly another exhaustive resource that contains a detailed explanation of important concepts like
  • Udacity’s Introduction to Statistics– is another free resource through which you can get an initial level of understanding in the field of statistics that is needed for data science.

Conclusion

It will take you about 3-4 months to learn the mathematical concepts and put them to practical use. Please refer to the above-mentioned resources and don’t forget to keep learning it side by side with the machine learning algorithms so that you can understand which is the right algorithm that you need to pick for your model.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1.What math is used in machine learning with Python?

In machine learning with Python, you’ll need basic math knowledge like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Additionally, understanding concepts like averages and percentages is helpful.

Q2.What math is needed for data science?

It would help if you had basic math like arithmetic, averages, and percentages for data science. More advanced knowledge of statistics, which involves interpreting data patterns, is also essential.

Q3.Is basic math enough for data science?

Basic math is a start, but for data science, it’s helpful to know more. Understanding statistics (finding patterns in data) and some algebra can make your data analysis more robust.

The media shown in this article are not owned by Analytics Vidhya and are used at the Author’s discretion.

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Ananya Chakraborty
Ananya Chakraborty

A passionate business analyst who analyzes people and data alike! I am also working my way into data science. Taking one step at a time, learning one skill at a time to be able to deliver my quality work consistently! E-Commerce, Digital Marketing, Health and Finance are some of the domains I hold expertise on!

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Mathematics behind Machine Learning – The Core Concepts you Need to Know
Mathematics behind Machine Learning – The Core Concepts you Need to Know
Mathematics for Data Science
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