Interview Prep
Career
GenAI
Prompt Engg
ChatGPT
LLM
Langchain
RAG
AI Agents
Machine Learning
Deep Learning
GenAI Tools
LLMOps
Python
NLP
SQL
AIML Projects

Reading list

Machine Learning Basics for a Newbie
6 Steps of Machine learning Lifecycle Introduction to Predictive Modeling
Introduction to Exploratory Data Analysis & Data Insights Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics How to Understand Population Distributions?
Reading Data Files into Python Different Variable Datatypes
Probability for Data Science Basic Concepts of Probability Axioms of Probability Conditional Probability
Central Tendencies for Continuous Variables Spread of Data KDE plots for Continuous Variable Overview of Distribution for Continuous variables Normal Distribution Skewed Distribution Skeweness and Kurtosis Distribution for Continuous Variable
Central Tendencies for Categorical Variables Understanding Discrete Distributions Performing EDA on Categorical Variables
Dealing with Missing Values Understanding Outliers Identifying Outliers in Data Outlier Detection in Python Outliers Detection Using IQR, Z-score, LOF and DBSCAN
Sample and Population Central Limit Theorem Confidence Interval and Margin of Error
Bivariate Analysis Introduction
Covariance Pearson Correlation Spearman's Correlation & Kendall's Tau Correlation versus Causation Tabular and Graphical methods for Bivariate Analysis Performing Bivariate Analysis on Continuous-Continuous Variables
Tabular and Graphical methods for Continuous-Categorical Variables Introduction to Hypothesis Testing P-value Two sample Z-test T-test T-test vs Z-test Performing Bivariate Analysis on Continuous-Catagorical variables
Chi-Squares Test Bivariate Analysis on Categorical Categorical Variables
Multivariate Analysis A Comprehensive Guide to Data Exploration The Data Science behind IPL
Supervised Learning vs Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning Generative and Descriminative Models Parametric and Non Parametric model
Machine Learning Pipeline Preparing Dataset Build a Benchmark Model: Regression Build a Benchmark Model: Classification
Evaluation Metrics for Machine Learning Everyone should know Confusion Matrix Accuracy Precision and Recall AUC-ROC Log Loss R2 and Adjusted R2
Dealing with Missing Values Replacing Missing Values Imputing Missing Values in Data Working with Categorical Variables Working with Outliers Preprocessing Data for Model Building
Understanding Cost Function Understanding Gradient Descent Math Behind Gradient Descent Assumptions of Linear Regression Implement Linear Regression from Scratch Train Linear Regression in Python Implementing Linear Regression in R Diagnosing Residual Plots in Linear Regression Models Generalized Linear Models Introduction to Logistic Regression Odds Ratio Implementing Logistic Regression from Scratch Introduction to Scikit-learn in Python Train Logistic Regression in python Multiclass using Logistic Regression How to use Multinomial and Ordinal Logistic Regression in R ? Challenges with Linear Regression Introduction to Regularisation Implementing Regularisation Ridge Regression Lasso Regression
Introduction to K Nearest Neighbours Determining the Right Value of K in KNN Implement KNN from Scratch Implement KNN in Python
Bias Variance Tradeoff Introduction to Overfitting and Underfitting Visualizing Overfitting and Underfitting Selecting the Right Model What is Validation? Hold-Out Validation Understanding K Fold Cross Validation
Introduction to Feature Selection Feature Selection Algorithms Missing Value Ratio Low Variance Filter High Correlation Filter Backward Feature Elimination Forward Feature Selection Implement Feature Selection in Python Implement Feature Selection in R
Introduction to Decision Tree Purity in Decision Tree Terminologies Related to Decision Tree How to Select Best Split Point in Decision Tree? Chi-Squares Information Gain Reduction in Variance Optimizing Performance of Decision Tree Train Decision Tree using Scikit Learn Pruning of Decision Trees
Introduction to Feature Engineering Feature Transformation Feature Scaling Feature Engineering Frequency Encoding Automated Feature Engineering: Feature Tools
Introduction to Naive Bayes Conditional Probability and Bayes Theorem Introduction to Bayesian Adjustment Rating: The Incredible Concept Behind Online Ratings! Working of Naive Bayes Math behind Naive Bayes Types of Naive Bayes Implementation of Naive Bayes
Understanding how to solve Multiclass and Multilabled Classification Problem Evaluation Metrics: Multi Class Classification
Introduction to Ensemble Techniques Basic Ensemble Techniques Implementing Basic Ensemble Techniques Finding Optimal Weights of Ensemble Learner using Neural Network Why Ensemble Models Work well?
Introduction to Stacking Implementing Stacking Variants of Stacking Implementing Variants of Stacking Introduction to Blending Bootstrap Sampling Introduction to Random Sampling Hyper-parameters of Random Forest Implementing Random Forest Out-of-Bag (OOB) Score in the Random Forest IPL Team Win Prediction Project Using Machine Learning Introduction to Boosting Gradient Boosting Algorithm Math behind GBM Implementing GBM in python Regularized Greedy Forests Extreme Gradient Boosting Implementing XGBM in python Tuning Hyperparameters of XGBoost in Python Implement XGBM in R/H2O Adaptive Boosting Implementing Adaptive Boosing LightGBM Implementing LightGBM in Python Catboost Implementing Catboost in Python
Different Hyperparameter Tuning methods Implementing Different Hyperparameter Tuning methods GridsearchCV RandomizedsearchCV Bayesian Optimization for Hyperparameter Tuning Hyperopt
Understanding SVM Algorithm SVM Kernels In-depth Intuition and Practical Implementation SVM Kernel Tricks Kernels and Hyperparameters in SVM Implementing SVM from Scratch in Python and R
Introduction to Principal Component Analysis Steps to Perform Principal Compound Analysis Computation of Covariance Matrix Finding Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues Implementing PCA in python Visualizing PCA A Brief Introduction to Linear Discriminant Analysis Introduction to Factor Analysis
Introduction to Clustering Applications of Clustering Evaluation Metrics for Clustering Understanding K-Means Implementation of K-Means in Python Implementation of K-Means in R Choosing Right Value for K Profiling Market Segments using K-Means Clustering Hierarchical Clustering Implementation of Hierarchial Clustering DBSCAN Defining Similarity between clusters Build Better and Accurate Clusters with Gaussian Mixture Models
Understand Basics of Recommendation Engine with Case Study
8 Ways to Improve Accuracy of Machine Learning Models
Introduction to Dask Working with CuML
Introduction to Machine Learning Interpretability Framework and Interpretable Models model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Implementing Interpretable Model Understanding SHAP Out-of-Core ML Introduction to Interpretable Machine Learning Models Model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Game Theory & Shapley Values
Introduction to Machine Learning Interpretability Framework and Interpretable Models model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Implementing Interpretable Model Understanding SHAP Out-of-Core ML Introduction to Interpretable Machine Learning Models Model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Game Theory & Shapley Values
Introduction to AutoML Implementation of MLBox Introduction to PyCaret TPOT Auto-Sklearn EvalML
Pickle and Joblib Introduction to Model Deployment
Deploying Machine Learning Model using Streamlit Deploying ML Models in Docker Deploy Using Streamlit Deploy on Heroku Deploy Using Netlify Introduction to Amazon Sagemaker Setting up Amazon SageMaker Using SageMaker Endpoint to Generate Inference Deploy on Microsoft Azure Cloud Introduction to Flask for Model Deploying ML model using Flask
Model Deployment in Android Model Deployment in Iphone

Tips to Crack a Guesstimate (with Multiple Analytics Case Studies)

Tavish Srivastava
Tavish Srivastava Last Updated : 25 Jun, 2019
6 min read

estimate

After a wait of 3 long hours, it was my turn to enter the interview room. The first question asked to me by the interviewer was “Can you estimate the total number of cigarettes consumed per month in India?”. Having worked on a project for ITC in one of the core courses, I was able to crack the problem with relative ease. I started with the total number of factories of ITC in India. From there, I calculated the number of cigarettes manufactured by ITC in a year with the help of average turnover time. Further, I made good guesses on the % of cigarettes exported and the % share of ITC in India. Finally, I got the number of cigarettes consumed per month in India which convinced the panel.

Questions like these are very common in analytics and management consulting interviews. If you wish to appear for companies of this genre, you should be able to solve guess estimates (or guesstimates as we’ll call them from here on) in double-quick time. And hence this article will be very useful. I was fortunate to have got this puzzle. What if I had no clue on the number of ITC factories producing cigarettes?

After this interview, I tried solving many such puzzles to get a comfort level with such problems. In this article, I will walk through some techniques I now use to crack such puzzles.

Guesstimates are one part of the entire data science interview process. We have penned down a comprehensive 7-step framework just for you, in our ‘Ace Data Science Interviews‘ course. Come and learn the various aspects, tips and tricks to crack your next data science interview!

 

What does an interviewer evaluate using a guesstimate case study?

Very often in the role of an Analyst or Consultant, clients expect quick initial scaling or sizing of potential projects. This is the reason such questions are so common in interviews for recruitment of such roles. The interviewer is looking out for four key traits in this interview.

  • How structured is your approach?
  • How comfortable are you with numbers?
  • Are you able to make quick checks on the efficiency of different methods?
  • Can you do back of the mind calculations and validate the magnitude of numbers?

 

Framework to solve a guesstimate problem

Knowledge of certain techniques used for such guess estimates helps keeping the approach structured in the interview. Let’s address the cigarette estimate problem from the demand side (without using the number of ITC factories) while discussing the key techniques.  Following are the 4 key techniques which will help you in such case interviews :

guess_framework

  1. Find the right proxy: This is by far the most important technique. The proxy is a parameter which behaves in a similar manner as the dependent parameter. In the cigarette estimation problem, the population of India is a good proxy for the number of cigarette consumed monthly in India.  If the population of India increases, it can be safely said that cigarette consumption will increase proportionally. Other proxies used is the growth in population, growth in demand of a newly introduced technology, average number of planes parked at major airports etc.
  2. Segment till you can find differentiated clusters : Estimating parameters on a segment level is far more accurate than making guesses on the overall population. In the cigarette estimation problem, population below 16 years can safely be ignored for cigarette consumption and female population is expected to have a lower average cigarette consumption than male population. This is how segmentation helps making accurate assumptions.
  3. o smart calculations and number round off : Speed is very critical in such problems and one needs to maintain a balance between accuracy and time consumption. Say you need to fin 2999/3. It is much easier to calculate 3000/3 than 2999/3. In such cases right the answer as 1000 (-) . This indicates the number is slightly lesser than 1000 and can be compensated in further calculations.
  4. Validate number magnitude : It is always a good idea to keep on validating intermediate numbers using your experience and sense checks.

 

Some ground rules to be followed while doing a guesstimate

Following are some factors one should keep in mind while solving a guess estimate problem :

  1. Analyze all possible uses of the subject. For example, while estimating the number of tennis balls in India, one should consider balls being used in tennis, cricket and all other sports which are potential users of tennis balls.
  2. Keep population of your country, state and city on finger tips. As population is the most common proxy for many case studies, such numbers give a good starting point.
  3. Have a look on some key parameters for airline management : Many of guess estimate problems are related to airlines. A sense on the number of flights which normally stays in major airports, time lag between flight take off etc. helps.
  4. Draw neat diagrams to show the segmentation. This not only helps do calculations quickly but also makes it easier to redo the calculations on the segment level if required.
  5. Don’t do round off in the same direction. Such round off magnifies the error term. Putting a sign in front of rounded off number helps.

 

Step-by step-approach for solving a guesstimate problem

Case 1: Estimate the number of cigarettes consumed monthly in India

Solution: A good proxy in such a problem is the population of India, i.e., 1.2 billion. Following is an effective way to segment this population:

Guess

Following were the key considerations in building the segmentation and the intermediate guesses:

  1. The rural population consumes far lesser cigarettes than urban because of the purchasing power difference.
  2. Male consume more cigarettes than female in both urban and rural populations.
  3. Children below 16 years consume a negligible number of cigarettes.
  4. Male to Female ratio in Urban is closer to 1 than that of Rural.
  5. Male to Female ratio in younger generations is closer to 1 than that of older. This is because of the increase in awareness level.
  6. Bulk of population start smoking after getting into a job and hence the average number cigarettes are higher in older groups.
  7. Total number of cigarettes from the supply side also come to around 10 Trillion, which gives a good sense check on the final number.

 

Case 2: Estimate the number of WhatsApp Android applications installed

Solution: A good proxy in this problem is the world population, i.e., ~7.2 Billion. Following is a possible approach to this problem:

guess_case 3

The actual number of Whatsapp installed on Android phone is slightly more than 100 Million. As can be seen from this example that guess estimates can be fairly accurate if we choose good segments and approximations.

 

Case 3: Estimate the number of tennis balls bought in India per month

Solution: A good proxy in this problem is the number of cities in India i.e. ~1700. The catch in this problem is to analyze where all can we use tennis balls. Once we have the number of tennis balls used monthly, we can easily find the number of tennis ball bought in a month using the lifetime of tennis balls.

Following is an effective way to segment this population:

guess_case 2

Following were the key considerations in building the segmentation and the intermediate guesses:

  1. Rural areas have negligible number of tennis courts.
  2. Metro cities have the highest number of sectors.
  3. For each sectors in metro cities, the number of grounds for both tennis and cricket is higher. This is both because of the bigger area and the higher buying capacity in metros.
  4. Number of balls consumed in metros per ground is higher because of the higher engagement in metros.

 

A challenge for the reader

Here is a practical example you can give a shot. Imagine you sitting in an interview and the interviewer asks “Estimate the number of aircrafts in air across the globe at this moment in time.” How will you answer this question ? Write down your approach in the comment box below to get opinion from experts.

 

End Notes

Guess estimates are one of the most common case studies asked in data science interviews. With the right tools and techniques, this case study becomes a cake walk.

Did you find the article useful? Share with us any other techniques you incorporate while solving a guess estimate problem. Do let us know your thoughts about this article in the comment section below.

Tavish Srivastava
Tavish Srivastava

Tavish Srivastava, co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of Analytics Vidhya, is an IIT Madras graduate and a passionate data-science professional with 8+ years of diverse experience in markets including the US, India and Singapore, domains including Digital Acquisitions, Customer Servicing and Customer Management, and industry including Retail Banking, Credit Cards and Insurance. He is fascinated by the idea of artificial intelligence inspired by human intelligence and enjoys every discussion, theory or even movie related to this idea.

Free Courses

Generative AI 4.7

Generative AI - A Way of Life

Explore Generative AI for beginners: create text and images, use top AI tools, learn practical skills, and ethics.
Large Language Models 4.5

Getting Started with Large Language Models

Master Large Language Models (LLMs) with this course, offering clear guidance in NLP and model training made simple.
Prompt Engineering 4.6

Building LLM Applications using Prompt Engineering

This free course guides you on building LLM apps, mastering prompt engineering, and developing chatbots with enterprise data.
LlamaIndex 4.8

Improving Real World RAG Systems: Key Challenges & Practical Solutions

Explore practical solutions, advanced retrieval strategies, and agentic RAG systems to improve context, relevance, and accuracy in AI-driven applications.
RAG systems using LlamaIndex 4.7

Microsoft Excel: Formulas & Functions

Master MS Excel for data analysis with key formulas, functions, and LookUp tools in this comprehensive course.

Recommended Articles

Responses From Readers

Clear

Rohit
Rohit

This one is really helpful, as these type of questions are very frequent in Analyst interviews. Great work!!!

123

Ayush Bharadwaj
Ayush Bharadwaj

Hi Tavish, I liked the way you have presented your points in the article. Its very well organized and makes some interesting observations (especially about the closest proxy). However, I must say that I disagree with you on the relevance of the guesstimate problems for an analytics professional. The main objective of the entire analytics endeavor is to take "guessing" out of the game. I am not sure what questions are being asked in Analytics Consulting interviews in India, but I am sure there are better ways to evaluate an individual's structured approach to problem solving, his/her comfort with numbers (in a statistical sense as opposed to raw arithmetic) and his/her ability to evaluate the efficiency of different algorithms based on the problem at hand. IMHO, Tim Peters said it best when he wrote one of the tenets in the Zen of Python: "When faced with ambiguity, resist the temptation to guess" Guesstimate questions have traditionally been used by Management Consulting companies to test the candidates ability to think on their feet. In contrast, all the Data Scientists/Analysts that I have met are way more critical and deliberate in their thinking. I think that is one of the most valuable traits of an analytics professional. But by all means, this is my personal opinion. Best, Ayush

123

Tavish Srivastava
Tavish Srivastava

Ayush, Thank you for your elaborate comment. I agree with you that Guess estimates were traditionally used by Management Consulting companies. They still are equally important for them. For analytics companies in India they have become quite popular in recent past. I say this based on my experience and the conversation I had with people recruiting day in and day out in analytics. The reason they are so popular in Indian analytics companies is that analytics is still in its nascent stage. New hires have to make their own path and influence people in industry who are still hesitant to implement strategies driven on numbers. To access such capability we need people with skills very close to a management consultant, where business problems are not very well defined and client is not very keen on accepting fact based strategy changes. Also expertise in such problems gives candidate a comfort level with segmentation, which is the heart and soul of analytics industry. This is my perception of the Indian analytics industry. I am still open to discussion on the relevance of such case studies in analytics interviews. Talking from my personal experience, I have been asked such question in every interview I have appeared till date. Tavish

123

Write for us

Write, captivate, and earn accolades and rewards for your work
  • Reach a Global Audience
  • Get Expert Feedback
  • Build Your Brand & Audience
  • Cash In on Your Knowledge
  • Join a Thriving Community
  • Level Up Your Data Science Game
imag

We use cookies essential for this site to function well. Please click to help us improve its usefulness with additional cookies. Learn about our use of cookies in our Privacy Policy & Cookies Policy.

Show details