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Reading list

Machine Learning Basics for a Newbie
6 Steps of Machine learning Lifecycle Introduction to Predictive Modeling
Introduction to Exploratory Data Analysis & Data Insights Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics How to Understand Population Distributions?
Reading Data Files into Python Different Variable Datatypes
Probability for Data Science Basic Concepts of Probability Axioms of Probability Conditional Probability
Central Tendencies for Continuous Variables Spread of Data KDE plots for Continuous Variable Overview of Distribution for Continuous variables Normal Distribution Skewed Distribution Skeweness and Kurtosis Distribution for Continuous Variable
Central Tendencies for Categorical Variables Understanding Discrete Distributions Performing EDA on Categorical Variables
Dealing with Missing Values Understanding Outliers Identifying Outliers in Data Outlier Detection in Python Outliers Detection Using IQR, Z-score, LOF and DBSCAN
Sample and Population Central Limit Theorem Confidence Interval and Margin of Error
Bivariate Analysis Introduction
Covariance Pearson Correlation Spearman's Correlation & Kendall's Tau Correlation versus Causation Tabular and Graphical methods for Bivariate Analysis Performing Bivariate Analysis on Continuous-Continuous Variables
Tabular and Graphical methods for Continuous-Categorical Variables Introduction to Hypothesis Testing P-value Two sample Z-test T-test T-test vs Z-test Performing Bivariate Analysis on Continuous-Catagorical variables
Chi-Squares Test Bivariate Analysis on Categorical Categorical Variables
Multivariate Analysis A Comprehensive Guide to Data Exploration The Data Science behind IPL
Supervised Learning vs Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning Generative and Descriminative Models Parametric and Non Parametric model
Machine Learning Pipeline Preparing Dataset Build a Benchmark Model: Regression Build a Benchmark Model: Classification
Evaluation Metrics for Machine Learning Everyone should know Confusion Matrix Accuracy Precision and Recall AUC-ROC Log Loss R2 and Adjusted R2
Dealing with Missing Values Replacing Missing Values Imputing Missing Values in Data Working with Categorical Variables Working with Outliers Preprocessing Data for Model Building
Understanding Cost Function Understanding Gradient Descent Math Behind Gradient Descent Assumptions of Linear Regression Implement Linear Regression from Scratch Train Linear Regression in Python Implementing Linear Regression in R Diagnosing Residual Plots in Linear Regression Models Generalized Linear Models Introduction to Logistic Regression Odds Ratio Implementing Logistic Regression from Scratch Introduction to Scikit-learn in Python Train Logistic Regression in python Multiclass using Logistic Regression How to use Multinomial and Ordinal Logistic Regression in R ? Challenges with Linear Regression Introduction to Regularisation Implementing Regularisation Ridge Regression Lasso Regression
Introduction to K Nearest Neighbours Determining the Right Value of K in KNN Implement KNN from Scratch Implement KNN in Python
Bias Variance Tradeoff Introduction to Overfitting and Underfitting Visualizing Overfitting and Underfitting Selecting the Right Model What is Validation? Hold-Out Validation Understanding K Fold Cross Validation
Introduction to Feature Selection Feature Selection Algorithms Missing Value Ratio Low Variance Filter High Correlation Filter Backward Feature Elimination Forward Feature Selection Implement Feature Selection in Python Implement Feature Selection in R
Introduction to Decision Tree Purity in Decision Tree Terminologies Related to Decision Tree How to Select Best Split Point in Decision Tree? Chi-Squares Information Gain Reduction in Variance Optimizing Performance of Decision Tree Train Decision Tree using Scikit Learn Pruning of Decision Trees
Introduction to Feature Engineering Feature Transformation Feature Scaling Feature Engineering Frequency Encoding Automated Feature Engineering: Feature Tools
Introduction to Naive Bayes Conditional Probability and Bayes Theorem Introduction to Bayesian Adjustment Rating: The Incredible Concept Behind Online Ratings! Working of Naive Bayes Math behind Naive Bayes Types of Naive Bayes Implementation of Naive Bayes
Understanding how to solve Multiclass and Multilabled Classification Problem Evaluation Metrics: Multi Class Classification
Introduction to Ensemble Techniques Basic Ensemble Techniques Implementing Basic Ensemble Techniques Finding Optimal Weights of Ensemble Learner using Neural Network Why Ensemble Models Work well?
Introduction to Stacking Implementing Stacking Variants of Stacking Implementing Variants of Stacking Introduction to Blending Bootstrap Sampling Introduction to Random Sampling Hyper-parameters of Random Forest Implementing Random Forest Out-of-Bag (OOB) Score in the Random Forest IPL Team Win Prediction Project Using Machine Learning Introduction to Boosting Gradient Boosting Algorithm Math behind GBM Implementing GBM in python Regularized Greedy Forests Extreme Gradient Boosting Implementing XGBM in python Tuning Hyperparameters of XGBoost in Python Implement XGBM in R/H2O Adaptive Boosting Implementing Adaptive Boosing LightGBM Implementing LightGBM in Python Catboost Implementing Catboost in Python
Different Hyperparameter Tuning methods Implementing Different Hyperparameter Tuning methods GridsearchCV RandomizedsearchCV Bayesian Optimization for Hyperparameter Tuning Hyperopt
Understanding SVM Algorithm SVM Kernels In-depth Intuition and Practical Implementation SVM Kernel Tricks Kernels and Hyperparameters in SVM Implementing SVM from Scratch in Python and R
Introduction to Principal Component Analysis Steps to Perform Principal Compound Analysis Computation of Covariance Matrix Finding Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues Implementing PCA in python Visualizing PCA A Brief Introduction to Linear Discriminant Analysis Introduction to Factor Analysis
Introduction to Clustering Applications of Clustering Evaluation Metrics for Clustering Understanding K-Means Implementation of K-Means in Python Implementation of K-Means in R Choosing Right Value for K Profiling Market Segments using K-Means Clustering Hierarchical Clustering Implementation of Hierarchial Clustering DBSCAN Defining Similarity between clusters Build Better and Accurate Clusters with Gaussian Mixture Models
Understand Basics of Recommendation Engine with Case Study
8 Ways to Improve Accuracy of Machine Learning Models
Introduction to Dask Working with CuML
Introduction to Machine Learning Interpretability Framework and Interpretable Models model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Implementing Interpretable Model Understanding SHAP Out-of-Core ML Introduction to Interpretable Machine Learning Models Model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Game Theory & Shapley Values
Introduction to Machine Learning Interpretability Framework and Interpretable Models model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Implementing Interpretable Model Understanding SHAP Out-of-Core ML Introduction to Interpretable Machine Learning Models Model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Game Theory & Shapley Values
Introduction to AutoML Implementation of MLBox Introduction to PyCaret TPOT Auto-Sklearn EvalML
Pickle and Joblib Introduction to Model Deployment
Deploying Machine Learning Model using Streamlit Deploying ML Models in Docker Deploy Using Streamlit Deploy on Heroku Deploy Using Netlify Introduction to Amazon Sagemaker Setting up Amazon SageMaker Using SageMaker Endpoint to Generate Inference Deploy on Microsoft Azure Cloud Introduction to Flask for Model Deploying ML model using Flask
Model Deployment in Android Model Deployment in Iphone

Big Data Learning Path for all Engineers and Data Scientists out there

saurabh.jaju2 Last Updated : 09 Oct, 2019
10 min read

Introduction

The field of big data is quite vast and it can be a very daunting task for anyone who starts learning big data & its related technologies. The big data technologies are numerous and it can be overwhelming to decide from where to begin.

This is the reason I thought of writing this article. This article provides you a guided path to start your journey to learn big data and will help you land a job in big data industry.  The biggest challenge we face is identifying the right role as per our interest and skillsets.

To tackle this problem, I have explained each big data role in detail and also considering different job roles of engineers and computer science graduates.

I have tried to answer all your questions which you have or will encounter while learning big data. To help you choose a path according to your interest I have added a tree map which will help you identify the right path.

 

Table of Content

  1. How to get started?
  2. What roles are up for grabs in the big data industry?
  3. What is your profile, and where do you fit in?
  4. Mapping roles to Big Data profiles
  5. How to be a big data engineer?
    • What is the big data jargon?
    • Systems and architecture you need to know
    • Learn to design solutions and technologies
  6. Big Data Learning Path
  7. Resources

 

1. How to get started?

One of the very first questions that people ask me when they want to start studying Big data is, “Do I learn Hadoop, Distributed computing, Kafka, NoSQL or Spark?”

Well, I always have one answer: “It depends on what you actually want to do”.

So, let’s approach this problem in a methodical way. We are going to go through this learning path step by step.

 

2. What roles are up for grabs in the big data industry?

There are many roles in the big data industry. But broadly speaking they can be classified in two categories:

  • Big Data Engineering
  • Big Data Analytics

These fields are interdependent but distinct.

The Big data engineering revolves around the design, deployment, acquiring and maintenance (storage) of a large amount of data. The systems which Big data engineers are required to design and deploy make relevant data available to various consumer-facing and internal applications.

While Big Data Analytics revolves around the concept of utilizing the large amounts of data from the systems designed by big data engineers. Big Data analytics involves analyzing trends, patterns and developing various classification, prediction & forecasting systems.

Thus, in brief, Big data analytics involves advanced computations on the data.  Whereas big data engineering involves the designing and deployment of systems & setups on top of which computation must be performed.

 

3.What is your profile and where do you fit in?

Now, we know what categories of roles are available in the industry, let us try to identify which profile is suitable for you. So that, you can analyze where you may fit in the industry.

Broadly, based on your educational background and industry experience we can categorize each person as follows:

  • Educational Background

(This includes interests and doesn’t necessarily point towards your college education).

  1. Computer Science
  2. Mathematics

 

  • Industry Experience
  1. Fresher
  2. Data Scientist
  3. Computer Engineer (work in Data related projects)

 Thus, by using the above categories you can define your profile as follows:

Eg 1: “I am a computer science grad with no experience with fairly solid math skills”.

You have an interest in Computer science or Mathematics but with n o prior experience you will be considered a Fresher.

Eg 2: “I am a computer science grad working as a database developer”.

Your interest is in computer science and you are fit for a role of a  Computer Engineer (data related projects).

Eg 3: “I am a  statistician working as a data scientist”.

You have an interest in Mathematics and fit for a role of a Data Scientist.

So, go ahead and define your profile.

(The profiles we define here are essential in finding your learning path in the big data industry).

 

4. Mapping roles to profiles

Now that you have defined your profile, let’s go ahead and map the profiles you should target.

 

4.1 Big Data Engineering roles

If you have good programming skills and understand how computers interact over the internet (basics) but you have no interest in mathematics and statistics. In this case, you should go for Big data engineering roles.

 

4.2 Big data Analytics roles

If you are good at programming and have your education and interest lies in mathematics & statistics, you should go for Big data Analytics roles.

 

5. How to be a big data Engineer?

Let us first define what a big data Engineer needs to know and learn to be considered for a position in the industry. The first and foremost step is to first identify your needs. You can’t just start studying big data without identifying your needs. Otherwise, you would just be shooting in that dark.

In order to define your needs, you must know the common big data jargon. So let’s find out what does big data actually means?

 

5.1 The Big Data jargon

A Big data project has two main aspects –  data requirements and the processing requirements.

  • 5.1.1 Data Requirements jargon

Structure:  As you are aware that data can either be stored in tables or in files. If data is stored in a predefined data model (i.e has a schema) it is called structured data. And if it is stored in files and does not have a predefined model it is called unstructured data. (Types: Structured/ Unstructured)

Size:  With size we assess the amount of data. (Types: S/M/L/XL/XXL/Streaming)

Sink Throughput: Defines at what rate data can be accepted into the system. (Types: H/M/L)

Source Throughput: Defines at what rate data can be updated and transformed into the system. (Types: H/M/L)

 

  • 5.1.2 Processing Requirements jargon

Query time: The time that a system takes to execute queries. (Types: Long/ Medium /Short)

Processing time: Time required to process data (Types: Long/Medium/Short)

Precision: The accuracy of data processing (Types: Exact/ Approximate)

 

5.2 Systems and architecture you need to know

Scenario 1: Design a system for analyzing sales performance of a company by creating a  data lake from multiple data sources like customer data, leads data, call center data, sales data, product data, weblogs etc.

 

5.3 Learn to design solutions and technologies

Solution for Scenario 1: Data Lake for sales data

(This is my personal solution, you may come up with a more elegant solution if you do please share below.)

So, how does a data engineer go about solving the problem?

A point to remember is that a big data system must not only be designed to seamlessly integrate data from various sources to make it available all the time, but it must also be designed in a way to make the analysis of the data and utilization of data for developing applications easy, fast and always available (Intelligent dashboard in this case).

Defining the end goal:

  1. Create a Data Lake by integrating data from multiple sources.
  2. Automated updates of the data at regular intervals of time (probably weekly in this case)
  3. Data availability of analysis (round the clock, perhaps even daily)
  4. Architecture for easy access and seamless deployment of an analytics dashboard.

Now that we know what our end goals are, let us try to formulate our requirements in more formal terms.

 

  • 5.3.1 Data related Requirements

Structure: Most of the data is structured and has a defined data model. But data sources like weblogs, customer interactions/call center data, image data from the sales catalog, product advertising data. Availability and requirement of image and multimedia advertising data may depend on from company to company.

Conclusion: Both Structured and unstructured data

Size: L or XL (choice Hadoop)

Sink throughput: High

Quality: Medium (Hadoop & Kafka)

Completeness: Incomplete

 

  • 5.3.2 Processing related Requirements

Query Time: Medium to Long

Processing Time: Medium to Short

Precision: Exact

As multiple data sources are being integrated, it is important to note that different data will enter the system at different rates. For example, the weblogs will be available in a continuous stream with a high level of granularity.

Based on the above analysis of our requirements for the system we can recommend the following big data setup.

 

6. Big Data Learning Path

Now, you have an understanding of the big data industry, the different roles and requirements from a big data practitioner. Let’s look at what path you should follow to become a big data engineer.

As we know the big data domain is littered with technologies. So, it is quite crucial that you learn technologies that are relevant and aligned with your big data job role. This is a bit different than any conventional domains like data science and machine learning where you start at something and endeavor to complete everything in the field.

Below you will find a tree which you should traverse in order to find your own path. Even though some of the technologies in the tree are pointed to be data scientist’s forte but it is always good to know all the technologies till the leaf nodes if you embark on a path. The tree is derived from the lambda architectural paradigm.

With the help of this tree map, you can select the path as per your interest and goals. And then you can start your journey to learn big data. Click here to download the infographic.

One of the essential concepts that any engineer who wants to deploy applications must know is Bash Scripting. You must be very comfortable with linux and bash scripting. This is the essential requirement for working with big data.

At the core, most of the big data technologies are written in Java or Scala. But don’t worry, if you do not want to code in these languages ou can choose Python or R because most of the big data technologies now support Python and R extensively.

Thus, you can start with any of the above-mentioned languages. I would recommend choosing either Python or Java.

Next, you need to be familiar with working on the cloud. This is because nobody is going to take you seriously if you haven’t worked with big data on the cloud. Try practicing with small datasets on AWS, softlayer or any other cloud provider. Most of them have a free tier so that students can practice. You can skip this step for the time being if you like but be sure to work on the cloud before you go for any interview.

Next, you need to learn about a Distributed file system. The most popular DFS out there is Hadoop distributed file system. At this stage you can also study about some NoSQL database you find relevant to your domain. The diagram below helps you in selecting a NoSQL database to learn based on the domain you are interested in.

The path until now are the mandatory basics which every big data engineer must know.

Now is the point that you decide whether you would like to work with data streams or dormant large volumes of data. This is the choice between two of the four V’s that are used to define big data (Volume, Velocity, Variety and Veracity).

So let’s say you have decided to work with data streams to develop real-time or near-realtime analysis systems. Then you should take the Kafka path. Else you take the Mapreduce path. And thus you follow the path that you create. Do note that, in the Mapreduce path you do not need to learn pig and hive. Studying only one of them is sufficient.

 

In summary: The way to traverse the tree.

  1. Start at the root node and perform a depth-first traversal style.
  2. Stop at each node check out the resources given in the link.
  3. If you have decent knowledge and are reasonably confident at working with the technology then move to the next node.
  4. At every node try to complete at least 3 programming problems.
  5. Move on to the next node.
  6. Reach the leaf node.
  7. Start with the alternative path.

Did the last step (#7) baffle you! Well truth be told, no application has only stream processing or slow velocity delayed processing of data. Thus, you technically need to be a master at executing the complete lambda architecture.

Also, note that this is not the only way you can learn big data technologies. You can create your own path as you go along. But this is a path which can be used by anybody.

If you want to enter the big data analytics world you could follow the same path but don’t try to perfect everything.

For a Data Scientist capable of working with big data you need to add a couple of machine learning pipelines to the tree below and concentrate on the machine learning pipelines more than the tree provided below. But we can discuss ML pipeline later.

Add a NoSQL database of choice based on the type of data you are working with in the above tree.

As you can see there are loads of NoSQL databases to choose from. So it always depends on the type of data that you would be working with.

And providing a definitive answer to what type of NoSQL database you need to take into account your system requirements like latency, availability, resilience, accuracy and of course the type of data that you are dealing with.

 

7. Resources

1.Bash Scripting

2.Python

3. Java

4.Cloud

5. HDFS

6. Apache Zookeeper

7. Apache Kafka

8. SQL

9. Hive

10. Pig

11. Apache Storm

12. Apache Kinesis

13. Apache Spark

14. Apache Spark Streaming

 

End Notes

I hope you enjoyed reading this article. With the help of this learning path, you will be able to embark upon your journey in big data industry. I have covered most of the major concepts which you will require to land a job.

If you have any doubts or questions, feel free to post them below.

Learn, compete, hack and get hired

Big databig data analyticsbig data architectureBig Data Cheatsheetsbig data engineerbig data pathcareer in big datasalary of big data analyst
saurabh.jaju2

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Responses From Readers

Clear

Syed Ishrathullah
Syed Ishrathullah

Great article..thanks .. I am based in the UK and work in IT Security as an INformation Security Manager.. How do you think IT security will integrate with Big Data. In what way.. and what skills will be needed ?

123

saurabh.jaju2
saurabh.jaju2

Hi Syed, Glad you liked the article. I am no expert in IT Security, so cannot be certain about all applications of big data in IT Security. But weblog and network traffic analysis (my favorite!) is a very interesting field (this involves the Kafka and stream analysis track). Also smart firewalls, and pattern analysis to develop smart anti malware softwares. Microsoft had organized a big data analysis competition for malware classification on kaggle, that was an interesting application. Regards, Saurabh

123
Parag k
Parag k

Thanks for details .. most helpful document with reference link

123

venkatesh
venkatesh

Thanks for the great article It helped a lot to understand

123

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Must Read Books for Beginners on Big Data, Hadoop and Apache Spark
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