This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon
COVID-19
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease that causes respiratory problems, fever with a temperature above 38°C, shortness of breath, and cough in humans. Even this disease can cause pneumonia to death. One of the symptoms that were considered normal before COVID-19 was a cough. Now hearing people around coughing makes others wonder whether the cough is a normal cough or the cough of someone infected with COVID-19.
What is Mel Spectrogram?
Mel spectrogram is a spectrogram that is converted to a Mel scale. Then, what is the spectrogram and The Mel Scale? A spectrogram is a visualization of the frequency spectrum of a signal, where the frequency spectrum of a signal is the frequency range that is contained by the signal. The Mel scale mimics how the human ear works, with research showing humans don’t perceive frequencies on a linear scale. Humans are better at detecting differences at lower frequencies than at higher frequencies.
Deep Learning
Deep learning is a part of artificial intelligence that makes computers learn from data. One of the methods used in deep learning is an artificial neural network which is a computational model that mimics the workings of a human neural network.
Convolutional Neural Network
A convolutional neural network is a technique in deep learning that is used to solve image processing and recognition problems. For more details on the theory of convolutional neural networks, see the blog https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/category/deep-learning/.
Condition of Dataset
The voice data used can be downloaded at https://github.com/virufy/virufy-data.
The sound used data is a coughing sound recording positive for COVID-19 and negative for COVID-19. This data is in mp3 format, has a mono channel with a sample rate of 48000 Hz, and has been segmented so that it has the same time. However, can this data be used by the system to recognize the coughing sound of people infected with COVID-19? The mp3 audio format needs to be converted to wav format. Why? because what is processed in speech recognition are frequency and amplitude waves and wav is an audio format in the form of waves (waveform). Based on this, the audio needs to be preprocessed to change the format from mp3 to wav format. After this step is completed, the spectrogram mel can be obtained.
Getting an Image Mel Spectrogram from Audio
Software Audacity can be used to convert mp3 audio format to wav format. Then the audio in wav format is read using the librosa package in the python programming language. By using librosa as a package from python to analyze audio, the sample rate of 48000 Hz from the audio data obtained in the downsampling follows the default sample rate of the librosa package, so that the sample rate of the audio becomes 22050 Hz. Documentation on how to get Mel Spectrogram can be seen in the librosa documentation.
Build Model
Let’s make a system using a python programming language with Google Colab that can recognize the coughing sound of infected and non-infected people from COVID-19 from a Mel Spectrogram using a convolutional neural network.
Step 1-Import libraries
Python provides packages to make coding easier. Package used:
- Numpy for numerical analysis
- Matplotlib dan Seaborn for visualizations
- Tensorflow and Keras for deep learning
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt %matplotlib inline from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator import tensorflow as tf from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix import seaborn as sns from keras.preprocessing import image from tensorflow.keras.models import load_model
Step 2-load mel spectrogram image dataset from google drive
path_dir = './drive/My Drive/Audiodata/Cough_Covid19/mel_spectrogram/'
*Note: Google drive must be mounted to load data from google drive
Step 3-use image data generator
Image data generator is used for preprocessing image data. Rescale for resizes an image by a given scaling factor, and split the data into training and validation data where validation data is taken from 20% of the total spectrogram image data. the total dataset of the mel spectrogram image is 121, which means the validation data is 23 data.
datagen = ImageDataGenerator(
rescale=1./255,
validation_split = 0.2)
train_generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(
path_dir,
target_size=(150,150),
shuffle=True,
subset='training'
)
validation_generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(
path_dir,
target_size=(150,150),
subset='validation'
)
Step 4-build a CNN model
The architecture of this CNN model:
- Conv2D layer – add 4 convolutional (16 filters, 32 filters, 64 filters, size of 3*3, and ReLU as activation function)
- Max Pooling – MaxPool2D with 2*2 layers
- Flatten layer to squeeze the layers into 1 dimension
- Dropout Layer(0.5)
- Dense, feed-forward neural network(256 nodes with ReLU as activation function
- 2 output layers with Softmax as activation function
model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
#first_convolution
tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(16, (3,3), activation='relu', input_shape=(150, 150, 3)),
tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(2, 2),
#second_convolution
tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (3,3), activation='relu'),
tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(2,2),
#third_convolution
tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (3,3), activation='relu'),
tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(2,2),
#fourth_convolution
tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (3,3), activation='relu'),
tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(2,2),
tf.keras.layers.Flatten(),
tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.5),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(256, activation='relu'),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(2, activation='softmax')
])
Step 5-compile and fit model
- loss function = categorical_crossentropy
- Adam as optimizer
- batch size is 32 with 100 epochs
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy']) model.fit(train_generator, batch_size=32,epochs=100)
Epoch 1/100 4/4 [==============================] - 3s 481ms/step - loss: 0.6802 - accuracy: 0.5408 Epoch 2/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 472ms/step - loss: 0.6630 - accuracy: 0.6633 Epoch 3/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 720ms/step - loss: 0.6271 - accuracy: 0.6429 Epoch 4/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 715ms/step - loss: 0.6519 - accuracy: 0.6327 Epoch 5/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 504ms/step - loss: 0.5814 - accuracy: 0.6837 Epoch 6/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 719ms/step - loss: 0.6061 - accuracy: 0.7347 Epoch 7/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 506ms/step - loss: 0.5697 - accuracy: 0.7653 Epoch 8/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 502ms/step - loss: 0.5439 - accuracy: 0.7449 Epoch 9/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 500ms/step - loss: 0.5553 - accuracy: 0.7347 Epoch 10/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 468ms/step - loss: 0.5314 - accuracy: 0.7653 Epoch 11/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 723ms/step - loss: 0.5606 - accuracy: 0.7041 Epoch 12/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 502ms/step - loss: 0.5162 - accuracy: 0.7449 Epoch 13/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 498ms/step - loss: 0.5189 - accuracy: 0.7653 Epoch 14/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 470ms/step - loss: 0.5027 - accuracy: 0.7959 Epoch 15/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 713ms/step - loss: 0.5479 - accuracy: 0.7347 Epoch 16/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 714ms/step - loss: 0.4999 - accuracy: 0.7449 Epoch 17/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 469ms/step - loss: 0.5199 - accuracy: 0.7347 Epoch 18/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 716ms/step - loss: 0.4570 - accuracy: 0.7551 Epoch 19/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 474ms/step - loss: 0.4549 - accuracy: 0.7653 Epoch 20/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 468ms/step - loss: 0.4152 - accuracy: 0.7959 Epoch 21/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 509ms/step - loss: 0.4383 - accuracy: 0.7959 Epoch 22/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 472ms/step - loss: 0.4258 - accuracy: 0.8571 Epoch 23/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 465ms/step - loss: 0.3988 - accuracy: 0.8469 Epoch 24/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 705ms/step - loss: 0.4435 - accuracy: 0.8163 Epoch 25/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 478ms/step - loss: 0.3931 - accuracy: 0.7959 Epoch 26/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 473ms/step - loss: 0.3964 - accuracy: 0.8469 Epoch 27/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 721ms/step - loss: 0.4285 - accuracy: 0.7551 Epoch 28/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 504ms/step - loss: 0.3571 - accuracy: 0.8163 Epoch 29/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 476ms/step - loss: 0.3053 - accuracy: 0.8878 Epoch 30/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 505ms/step - loss: 0.4531 - accuracy: 0.7245 Epoch 31/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 461ms/step - loss: 0.4956 - accuracy: 0.7653 Epoch 32/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 712ms/step - loss: 0.3593 - accuracy: 0.8367 Epoch 33/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 499ms/step - loss: 0.3291 - accuracy: 0.8673 Epoch 34/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 471ms/step - loss: 0.2828 - accuracy: 0.8571 Epoch 35/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 719ms/step - loss: 0.2740 - accuracy: 0.8776 Epoch 36/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 511ms/step - loss: 0.3409 - accuracy: 0.8776 Epoch 37/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 463ms/step - loss: 0.2144 - accuracy: 0.9082 Epoch 38/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 474ms/step - loss: 0.1550 - accuracy: 0.9490 Epoch 39/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 708ms/step - loss: 0.2104 - accuracy: 0.9184 Epoch 40/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 483ms/step - loss: 0.2203 - accuracy: 0.9184 Epoch 41/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 715ms/step - loss: 0.2048 - accuracy: 0.9184 Epoch 42/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 472ms/step - loss: 0.1701 - accuracy: 0.8980 Epoch 43/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 473ms/step - loss: 0.1755 - accuracy: 0.9490 Epoch 44/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 468ms/step - loss: 0.1723 - accuracy: 0.9388 Epoch 45/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 710ms/step - loss: 0.1240 - accuracy: 0.9796 Epoch 46/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 710ms/step - loss: 0.1356 - accuracy: 0.9388 Epoch 47/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 461ms/step - loss: 0.1046 - accuracy: 0.9592 Epoch 48/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 708ms/step - loss: 0.2454 - accuracy: 0.8878 Epoch 49/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 473ms/step - loss: 0.1540 - accuracy: 0.9286 Epoch 50/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 705ms/step - loss: 0.1769 - accuracy: 0.9592 Epoch 51/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 510ms/step - loss: 0.1795 - accuracy: 0.9184 Epoch 52/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 497ms/step - loss: 0.1267 - accuracy: 0.9592 Epoch 53/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 472ms/step - loss: 0.0952 - accuracy: 0.9694 Epoch 54/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 467ms/step - loss: 0.0974 - accuracy: 0.9592 Epoch 55/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 473ms/step - loss: 0.0629 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 56/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 468ms/step - loss: 0.0995 - accuracy: 0.9592 Epoch 57/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 472ms/step - loss: 0.0487 - accuracy: 0.9694 Epoch 58/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 718ms/step - loss: 0.0348 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 59/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 504ms/step - loss: 0.0419 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 60/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 507ms/step - loss: 0.0490 - accuracy: 0.9796 Epoch 61/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 506ms/step - loss: 0.0608 - accuracy: 0.9796 Epoch 62/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 507ms/step - loss: 0.0877 - accuracy: 0.9490 Epoch 63/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 476ms/step - loss: 0.1254 - accuracy: 0.9490 Epoch 64/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 705ms/step - loss: 0.0537 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 65/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 711ms/step - loss: 0.1157 - accuracy: 0.9592 Epoch 66/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 512ms/step - loss: 0.0403 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 67/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 506ms/step - loss: 0.0734 - accuracy: 0.9796 Epoch 68/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 727ms/step - loss: 0.1231 - accuracy: 0.9592 Epoch 69/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 502ms/step - loss: 0.0822 - accuracy: 0.9694 Epoch 70/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 470ms/step - loss: 0.0897 - accuracy: 0.9694 Epoch 71/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 498ms/step - loss: 0.0543 - accuracy: 0.9592 Epoch 72/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 711ms/step - loss: 0.0235 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 73/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 474ms/step - loss: 0.0425 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 74/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 498ms/step - loss: 0.0373 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 75/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 471ms/step - loss: 0.0220 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 76/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 710ms/step - loss: 0.0274 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 77/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 708ms/step - loss: 0.0256 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 78/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 707ms/step - loss: 0.0137 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 79/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 470ms/step - loss: 0.0123 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 80/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 516ms/step - loss: 0.0278 - accuracy: 0.9796 Epoch 81/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 478ms/step - loss: 0.0311 - accuracy: 0.9796 Epoch 82/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 477ms/step - loss: 0.0318 - accuracy: 0.9796 Epoch 83/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 472ms/step - loss: 0.0184 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 84/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 477ms/step - loss: 0.0191 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 85/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 480ms/step - loss: 0.0146 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 86/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 726ms/step - loss: 0.0047 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 87/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 508ms/step - loss: 0.0072 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 88/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 475ms/step - loss: 0.0049 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 89/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 470ms/step - loss: 0.0169 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 90/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 730ms/step - loss: 0.0048 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 91/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 479ms/step - loss: 0.0117 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 92/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 521ms/step - loss: 0.0018 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 93/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 714ms/step - loss: 0.0066 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 94/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 509ms/step - loss: 0.0198 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 95/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 513ms/step - loss: 0.0193 - accuracy: 0.9898 Epoch 96/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 479ms/step - loss: 0.0048 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 97/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 711ms/step - loss: 0.0064 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 98/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 467ms/step - loss: 0.0283 - accuracy: 0.9796 Epoch 99/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 470ms/step - loss: 0.0043 - accuracy: 1.0000 Epoch 100/100 4/4 [==============================] - 2s 470ms/step - loss: 0.0113 - accuracy: 0.9898
Model training accuracy is 0.9898 (98.98%) and loss is 0.0113.
Step 6-evaluate model and predict
The last part is to evaluate the data using data validation data (validation generator).
accuracy = model.evaluate(validation_generator)
print('n', 'Test_Accuracy:-', accuracy[1])
pred = model.predict(validation_generator)
y_pred = np.argmax(pred, axis=1)
y_true = np.argmax(pred, axis=1)
print('confusion matrix')
print(confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred))
#confusion matrix
f, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8,5))
sns.heatmap(confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred), annot=True, fmt=".0f", ax=ax)
plt.xlabel("y_pred")
plt.ylabel("y_true")
plt.show()
Result
The accuracy of the model evaluate to 0.9565 (95.65%)
- 23 test data
- 0 indicates negative infected COVID-19
- 1 indicates positive infected COVID-19
Confusion Matrix of Testing Data
Based on the confusion matrix, the system has no errors in predicting data, which means this model has a fairly good system performance in recognizing coughs that are infected with COVID-19 and not infected with COVID-19 through Mel Spectrogram images.
However, this model still needs a lot of development.
About The Author
Abdiel Willyar Goni
Currently pursuing my bachelor’s degree in mathematics. I am interested in machine learning, computer vision, and signal processing. Feel free to connect with me on LinkedIn
Thank you.
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Very creative and cool experiment. Kudos!