YOLO Algorithm for Custom Object Detection

Introduction

In this article, we are going to learn object detection using the Yolo algorithm. For this, we will be using the YOLO V5 version which is easy, simpler, and faster. Now we will see how to detect different objects and also we will use a custom dataset for training our model. And this is all we will do in the Collab notebook which is easy for everyone to use. In our application when the image is provided to it then it will detect all the objects present in the image. And we have an option to capture the live image and then detect the objects present in yolo deep learning.

Learning Objectives:

• Understand the concept of object detection using YOLO algorithm for object detection
• Learn how to prepare and use custom datasets for object detection
• Gain practical skills in implementing YOLO V5 using Python and Colab
• Explore the process of training and testing object detection models

This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon.

Computer Vision

Basically, Computer Vision deals with anything that humans can see and perceive. Moreover, it enables computers and systems to derive complete, meaningful information from digital photos, videos, and other visual inputs.

Computer Vision Tasks :

• Object Detection: Object detection is the ability to detect objects or identify objects in any given image correctly.
• Image Classification: Image Classification basically means it is identifying the class to which the object belongs.
• Image Captioning: Image Captioning is like generating the text description of the given image by looking at it.
• Image Reconstruction: Image Reconstruction is like finding the missing part in the image and reconstructing it.

Various Approach to Object Detection

There are two main approaches to object detection. They are the Machine learning approach and the Deep learning approach. Both these are capable of learning and identifying the object, but the execution of both is far different from each other.

Object Detection using Machine Learning

Machine Learning is the application of Artificial Intelligence in which computers learn from the data given and make decisions or predictions based on it. It is usually the process of using algorithms to analyze data and then learning to make predictions and determine things based on the given data.

Machine Learning methods for object detection are SIFT, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Viola jones object detection.

Object Detection using Deep Learning

Deep Learning, also known as deep structured learning, comprises a class of machine learning algorithms. Deep Learning uses a multi-layer approach to extract high-level features from the data that is provided to it.

The Deep Learning model doesn’t require any feature to be provided manually for classification. Instead, it tries to transform its data into an abstract representation. Most deep learning methods implement neural networks to achieve results.

Deep Learning methods for object detection are R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, and YOLO object detection.

Preparing Custom Dataset

Now let’s see how to make our own custom dataset. For that, first, make a folder for all images, and in that, make two more folders naming train_dataset and test_dataset.

In each folder, create two additional folders: Train_images and Train_labels, and Test_images and Test_labels. The Train_images folder will house all training images, while Train_labels will contain corresponding annotation text files in YOLO object detection for object detection format detailing bounding box annotations. Similarly, the test_images folder will store testing images, and test_labels will hold label files corresponding to test images.

Now let’s move to the Collab notebook and start using the YOLO V5 algorithm for object detection using the Custom dataset.

Drawing Bounding Boxes

Now we will see how to draw bounding boxes for the images.

For drawing bounding boxes, there are many ways. And in that now, we will see how to use makesense.ai to draw them.

First, open makesense.ai in any browser, then click on “Get Started”. Next, upload all the images you want to annotate with bounding boxes. Once uploaded, proceed to “Object Detection”. Click on “Start Project”, and then add labels in the correct order to ensure accurate object identification by the model. You can manually list the classes or import a file with predefined classes. Begin annotating by drawing bounding boxes on each image. After completing annotations, click “Actions” at the top left, select “Export Annotations”, and choose “Zip package containing files in YOLO deep learning format”.

You can see a zip folder with all text files downloaded.

How does YOLO work?

Here is a simplified explanation of the four points::

1. YOLO cuts an image into squares.

This makes it easier for YOLO algorithm for object detection to find objects in the image. It only needs to look at one square at a time, instead of the entire image.

2. For each square, YOLO guesses if there is an object in it and, if so, what kind of object it is.

It does this by using a deep learning model. The model has been trained on a lot of images and labels. This means that the model knows how to identify different types of objects in images.

3. YOLO gets rid of any extra guesses.

It achieves this by employing a technique known as non-maximum suppression. Consequently, this method eliminates any overlapping predictions, ensuring that YOLO v5 Algorithm generates only one prediction for each object in the image.

4. YOLO outputs the remaining guesses as rectangles and object labels.

A rectangle is a box that surrounds an object in an image. An object label is a name for the type of object in the box.

These outputs the remaining guesses as rectangles and object labels. This means that YOLO v5 Algorithm outputs a box and a name for each object that it finds in the image.

YOLO V5 Implementation

The YOLO algorithm divides an image into a grid system; within each grid, it detects objects. Recently, ultralytics launched the latest version, YOLO deep learning V5. This algorithm represents the pinnacle of object detection methods. Moreover, it stands out as the simplest, easiest, and fastest option available. Notably, it excels in accuracy when detecting objects.

Visit documentation of YOLO.

Let’s move on to the implementation.

First, mount the google drive.

from google.colab import drive drive.mount('/content/drive')

Mounted at /content/drive

Now create a folder custom_object_detection and in that create another folder called yolov5 and then move on to that yolov5 folder.

%cd /content/drive/MyDrive/custom_object_detection/yolov5

/content/drive/MyDrive/custom_object_detection/yolov5

The Github link for YOLO V5 is

Click Here

Clone this GitHub repository in the yolov5 folder.

!git clone https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5 # clone %cd yolov5 %pip install -qr requirements.txt # installimport torch from yolov5 import utils display = utils.notebook_init() # checks

What is the YOLOv7 algorithm?

YOLOv7 is the latest iteration of the YOLO v5 Algorithm (You Only Look Once) algorithm for object detection. Operating as a single-stage detection method, it can swiftly identify objects in a single image scan. Consequently, YOLOv7 excels in speed, rendering it ideal for real-time applications requiring rapid object detection.

YOLOv7 is also very accurate, achieving state-of-the-art results on several object detection benchmarks. Additionally, it can detect multiple objects in a single image and can be trained to recognize a diverse range of object classes.

Here are some of the key features of the YOLOv7 algorithm:

• Fast and accurate object detection
• Single-stage object detection
• Multi-object detection
• Large class repertoire
• Efficient training and inference

YOLOv7, a powerful object detection algorithm, finds application in diverse fields like self-driving cars, video surveillance, and robotics.

Here are some examples of how YOLOv7 can be used:

• Self-driving cars: It can detect pedestrians, vehicles, and other objects on the road, enabling the self-driving car to navigate safely.
• Video surveillance: Video footage analysis can detect people, vehicles, and other objects. This data enables monitoring for suspicious activity or tracking the movement of people and objects.
• Robotics: Furthermore, it assists robots in detecting objects in their environment. Subsequently, this information aids the robot in navigating safely or interacting with objects in its surroundings.

Overall, YOLOv7 is a powerful and versatile object detection algorithm that can be used for a wide variety of applications.

Preparation of Dataset

To achieve this, first, navigate to the custom_object_detection folder. Inside, create a dataset folder. Within the dataset folder, create two more folders: images and labels. Within the images folder, create two subfolders: train and val. Similarly, within the labels folder, create train and val subfolders. Place all training images and corresponding labels in the train folders, and validation images and labels in the val folders. Finally, upload these folders to your Colab notebook.

Now we have to modify custom_data.yaml file that is present inside the data folder which is inside the yolov5 folder. Change it according to your problem.

The file should contain like this.

train: ../dataset/images/train
val: ../dataset/images/val
# Classes
nc: 10 # number of classes
names: ['laptop',
'mobile',
'tv',
'bottle',
'person',
'spoon',
'backpack',
'vase',
'dog',
'calculator',
]  # class names

For train and val enter the path of the train and val images folders.

First, enter the number of classes, followed by entering all those classes in the correct order as they were labeled for drawing bounding boxes.

I just gave some example classes here. You can add all classes that are there for your object detection project.

Training the Model

Now finally we are ready to train our model. For training the model just run the following command.

!python train.py --img 640 --batch 8 --epochs 10 --data custom_data.yaml --weights yolov5s.pt --cache

You can increase the number of epochs to increase the accuracy.

finally, you will find this at last.

Results saved to runs/train/exp14

here your model will be saved.

Testing the Model

The model trained with a training dataset and is now prepared for testing.

We can test the model for images, for videos, and also we can detect objects for live video too. We can use the webcam for that. For each of these, we have different commands. The commands are,

First, we will for image object detection.

$ python detect.py --source ../Test/test1.jpeg --weights ../Model/weights/best.pt

Here we have to paste the path to the image.

For Video object detection,

$ python detect.py --source ../Test/vidd1.mp4 --weights ../Model/weights/best.pt

Similarly here also paste the path of the video.

Finally, when it comes to webcam,

$ python detect.py --source 0 --weights ../Model/weights/best.pt

Finally, you will get this,

Results saved to runs/train/exp14

So when you go to that folder then you will find images or videos after object detection.

Conclusion

This article primarily focuses on custom object detection using the YOLOv5 algorithm, highlighting its improved ease, simplicity, and speed compared to earlier versions of YOLO deep learning. Notably, one key advantage is eliminating the need to retrain the model during testing once it has been initially trained. The narrative progresses from an introduction to computer vision to exploring different approaches for object detection, followed by the creation of a custom dataset and learning to annotate bounding boxes using makesense.ai. They subsequently implement the YOLOv5 algorithm, culminating in training and testing the model.

Key Takeaways:

• YOLO V5 offers improved speed and simplicity for object detection tasks
• Custom datasets can be created using tools like makesense.ai, facilitating bounding box annotation for precise object localization and enhancing dataset customization.
• The YOLO algorithm divides images into grids for efficient object detection
• YOLOv7 provides state-of-the-art performance for real-time object detection applications

Frequently Asked Questions?

The media shown in this article is not owned by Analytics Vidhya and is used at the Author’s discretion.

Karpuram

Hello Everyone,
This is Srivani. I had completed my B.Tech in the computer science department. I am interested in Data Science and programming. Thanks for reading my articles and hope you get knowledge from them.