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Machine Learning Basics for a Newbie
6 Steps of Machine learning Lifecycle Introduction to Predictive Modeling
Introduction to Exploratory Data Analysis & Data Insights Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics How to Understand Population Distributions?
Reading Data Files into Python Different Variable Datatypes
Probability for Data Science Basic Concepts of Probability Axioms of Probability Conditional Probability
Central Tendencies for Continuous Variables Spread of Data KDE plots for Continuous Variable Overview of Distribution for Continuous variables Normal Distribution Skewed Distribution Skeweness and Kurtosis Distribution for Continuous Variable
Central Tendencies for Categorical Variables Understanding Discrete Distributions Performing EDA on Categorical Variables
Dealing with Missing Values Understanding Outliers Identifying Outliers in Data Outlier Detection in Python Outliers Detection Using IQR, Z-score, LOF and DBSCAN
Sample and Population Central Limit Theorem Confidence Interval and Margin of Error
Bivariate Analysis Introduction
Covariance Pearson Correlation Spearman's Correlation & Kendall's Tau Correlation versus Causation Tabular and Graphical methods for Bivariate Analysis Performing Bivariate Analysis on Continuous-Continuous Variables
Tabular and Graphical methods for Continuous-Categorical Variables Introduction to Hypothesis Testing P-value Two sample Z-test T-test T-test vs Z-test Performing Bivariate Analysis on Continuous-Catagorical variables
Chi-Squares Test Bivariate Analysis on Categorical Categorical Variables
Multivariate Analysis A Comprehensive Guide to Data Exploration The Data Science behind IPL
Supervised Learning vs Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning Generative and Descriminative Models Parametric and Non Parametric model
Machine Learning Pipeline Preparing Dataset Build a Benchmark Model: Regression Build a Benchmark Model: Classification
Evaluation Metrics for Machine Learning Everyone should know Confusion Matrix Accuracy Precision and Recall AUC-ROC Log Loss R2 and Adjusted R2
Dealing with Missing Values Replacing Missing Values Imputing Missing Values in Data Working with Categorical Variables Working with Outliers Preprocessing Data for Model Building
Understanding Cost Function Understanding Gradient Descent Math Behind Gradient Descent Assumptions of Linear Regression Implement Linear Regression from Scratch Train Linear Regression in Python Implementing Linear Regression in R Diagnosing Residual Plots in Linear Regression Models Generalized Linear Models Introduction to Logistic Regression Odds Ratio Implementing Logistic Regression from Scratch Introduction to Scikit-learn in Python Train Logistic Regression in python Multiclass using Logistic Regression How to use Multinomial and Ordinal Logistic Regression in R ? Challenges with Linear Regression Introduction to Regularisation Implementing Regularisation Ridge Regression Lasso Regression
Introduction to K Nearest Neighbours Determining the Right Value of K in KNN Implement KNN from Scratch Implement KNN in Python
Bias Variance Tradeoff Introduction to Overfitting and Underfitting Visualizing Overfitting and Underfitting Selecting the Right Model What is Validation? Hold-Out Validation Understanding K Fold Cross Validation
Introduction to Feature Selection Feature Selection Algorithms Missing Value Ratio Low Variance Filter High Correlation Filter Backward Feature Elimination Forward Feature Selection Implement Feature Selection in Python Implement Feature Selection in R
Introduction to Decision Tree Purity in Decision Tree Terminologies Related to Decision Tree How to Select Best Split Point in Decision Tree? Chi-Squares Information Gain Reduction in Variance Optimizing Performance of Decision Tree Train Decision Tree using Scikit Learn Pruning of Decision Trees
Introduction to Feature Engineering Feature Transformation Feature Scaling Feature Engineering Frequency Encoding Automated Feature Engineering: Feature Tools
Introduction to Naive Bayes Conditional Probability and Bayes Theorem Introduction to Bayesian Adjustment Rating: The Incredible Concept Behind Online Ratings! Working of Naive Bayes Math behind Naive Bayes Types of Naive Bayes Implementation of Naive Bayes
Understanding how to solve Multiclass and Multilabled Classification Problem Evaluation Metrics: Multi Class Classification
Introduction to Ensemble Techniques Basic Ensemble Techniques Implementing Basic Ensemble Techniques Finding Optimal Weights of Ensemble Learner using Neural Network Why Ensemble Models Work well?
Introduction to Stacking Implementing Stacking Variants of Stacking Implementing Variants of Stacking Introduction to Blending Bootstrap Sampling Introduction to Random Sampling Hyper-parameters of Random Forest Implementing Random Forest Out-of-Bag (OOB) Score in the Random Forest IPL Team Win Prediction Project Using Machine Learning Introduction to Boosting Gradient Boosting Algorithm Math behind GBM Implementing GBM in python Regularized Greedy Forests Extreme Gradient Boosting Implementing XGBM in python Tuning Hyperparameters of XGBoost in Python Implement XGBM in R/H2O Adaptive Boosting Implementing Adaptive Boosing LightGBM Implementing LightGBM in Python Catboost Implementing Catboost in Python
Different Hyperparameter Tuning methods Implementing Different Hyperparameter Tuning methods GridsearchCV RandomizedsearchCV Bayesian Optimization for Hyperparameter Tuning Hyperopt
Understanding SVM Algorithm SVM Kernels In-depth Intuition and Practical Implementation SVM Kernel Tricks Kernels and Hyperparameters in SVM Implementing SVM from Scratch in Python and R
Introduction to Principal Component Analysis Steps to Perform Principal Compound Analysis Computation of Covariance Matrix Finding Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues Implementing PCA in python Visualizing PCA A Brief Introduction to Linear Discriminant Analysis Introduction to Factor Analysis
Introduction to Clustering Applications of Clustering Evaluation Metrics for Clustering Understanding K-Means Implementation of K-Means in Python Implementation of K-Means in R Choosing Right Value for K Profiling Market Segments using K-Means Clustering Hierarchical Clustering Implementation of Hierarchial Clustering DBSCAN Defining Similarity between clusters Build Better and Accurate Clusters with Gaussian Mixture Models
Understand Basics of Recommendation Engine with Case Study
8 Ways to Improve Accuracy of Machine Learning Models
Introduction to Dask Working with CuML
Introduction to Machine Learning Interpretability Framework and Interpretable Models model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Implementing Interpretable Model Understanding SHAP Out-of-Core ML Introduction to Interpretable Machine Learning Models Model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Game Theory & Shapley Values
Introduction to Machine Learning Interpretability Framework and Interpretable Models model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Implementing Interpretable Model Understanding SHAP Out-of-Core ML Introduction to Interpretable Machine Learning Models Model Agnostic Methods for Interpretability Game Theory & Shapley Values
Introduction to AutoML Implementation of MLBox Introduction to PyCaret TPOT Auto-Sklearn EvalML
Pickle and Joblib Introduction to Model Deployment
Deploying Machine Learning Model using Streamlit Deploying ML Models in Docker Deploy Using Streamlit Deploy on Heroku Deploy Using Netlify Introduction to Amazon Sagemaker Setting up Amazon SageMaker Using SageMaker Endpoint to Generate Inference Deploy on Microsoft Azure Cloud Introduction to Flask for Model Deploying ML model using Flask
Model Deployment in Android Model Deployment in Iphone

Introduction to Apache Spark and its Datasets

Abhishek Jaiswal
Abhishek Jaiswal Last Updated : 17 Aug, 2022
6 min read

This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon.

Introduction

In this article, we will introduce you to the big data ecosystem and the role of Apache Spark in Big data. We will also cover the Distributed database system, the backbone of big data.

In today’s world, data is the fuel. Almost every electronic device collects data that is used for business purposes. Imagine how we work on a big volume of data. Of course, we need powerful computers to work on this amount of data, but it’s unpractical.

Processing petabytes of data is impractical for a single computer; hence big data technologies come into the picture.

Big data is the domain where we deal with many data using different big data tools and cloud systems.

Processing Big Data

Big data processing requires parallel computation since loading petabytes of data in a single or a very high-end computer is impossible. This technique of using parallel computation is known as distributed computing.

A single computer in a distributed system is known as a node, and each node uses its computing resources.

A master node is responsible for dividing the word load among various nodes, and if a work node fails, it stops delivering the load to the failed node.

A cluster is a collection of nodes, including the master node that words in synchronization.

Big Data EcoSystem:

Many open-source tools comprise the big data ecosystem. Open-source tools are generally used in Big data because these tools are more transparent and free to use, so there is no need to worry about the data leaking.

Popular big data open source tools are Apache Spark, Hadoop, Map-Reduce, Hive, Impala, etc.

Tools Category:

  • Programming Tools
  • Business Intelligence tools
  • Analytics and visualization
  • Databases (NoSql and SQL )
  • Cloud Technologies
  • Data Technologies

Hadoop Ecosystem:

Hadoop Ecosystem consists of various open-source tools that fall under the Apache project. These tools are made for big data workloads. All the components work dependently in the Hadoop ecosystem.

  1. Ingest Data( Flume , Sqoop)
  2. Access Data ( Impala, Hue)
  3. Process and Analyze Data (Pig & Hive, Spark)
  4. Store Data (HDFS, HBase)

What is Apache Spark?

Spark is a distributed in-memory data processing tool. Spark is a replacement for Apache Map-Reduce.

Spark is a powerful replacement for Apache Map-Reduce. Spark is faster than Map reduce because of in-memory computation, making it highly capable and always up for a high volume of data processing.

In-memory computation takes the help of an individual system ram for computation instead of the disk, which makes spark powerful.

Top Features of Apache Spark:

  1. Fast Processing
    We have already discussed the impact of using in-memory computation on big data processing. Due to its computation power, Spark has been the only choice for big data processing.
  2.  Supports various APIs
    Spark supports JAVA, PYTHON, and SCALA programming languages. Spark was written on Scala, and it supports other programming language APIs.
    Spark core handles jobs using SCALA.
    Spark Core is fault-tolerant, so if any node goes down, processing will not stop.
  3. PowerFul Libraries
    Spark Supports Various 3rd party libraries as well. Spark comes with a wide range of libraries for specific tasks.
    ML-lib in the spark is natively built for machine learning tasks. It also supports streaming machine learning pipelines.
  4. Compatibility and Deployment
    The biggest advantage of using Spark is that it doesn’t require huge tedious dependencies. Spark can run on any cloud cluster and can be easily scaled. Spark runs on Kubernetes, Mesos, Hadoop, and other cloud notebooks.
  5. Real-Time Processing
    Spark also supports the conventional Hadoop Map-Reduce, which leads Spark to process data from HDFS file format. Spark can easily work on the HDFS cluster without any dependency conflicts.

Apache Spark Architecture

scaling big data in Apache Spark

Apache Spark Core engine consists of 3 components

  • Spark Driver
  • Executors
  • Cluster Manager

Spark Driver is responsible for spark context (code we write). It translates the spark context and sends the information to the cluster manager, which creates clusters, and the executor handles worker nodes and assigns tasks to them.

Getting Started with Spark with Python

Spark applications can be written in Python. Python uses py4j in the backend to handle the java codes.

Objectives

  • Setting Up Pyspark
  • Creating Context and Session
  • Spark RDD
  • Transformation and actions

Setting Up Pyspark

Pyspark in spark API built for python. It lets us create a spark application in Python. It uses py4j in the backend.

Spark can be run natively on any python environment. We can also build spark clusters on cloud notebooks. Popular python environment for running spark in data bricks, providing some databases to work on.

Here is a guide on running spark clusters on data bricks for free.

Installing required packages.

For Running spark in python, we need pyspark module and findspark.

!pip install pyspark
!pip install findspark

Findspark It generates startup files to the current Python profile and prepares the spark environment. Find spark locates the spark startup files.

import findspark
findspark.init()

Spark Session and Context

Spark session Spark Session keeps track of our application. Spark Session must be created before working on spark and loading the data.

SparkContext Spark context is an entry point to the spark application, and it also concludes some RDD functions likeparallelize().

# Initialization spark context class
sc = SparkContext()
# Create spark session
spark = SparkSession 
.builder 
.appName("Application name ") 
.config("spark.some.config.option", "somevalue") 
.getOrCreate()

getOrCreate Creates a new session if the named session doesn’t exist.

spark
Apache Spark output
Status

Spark RDDs

Spark RDD ( Resilient distributed datasets) are fundamental data structures on a spark, which is an immutable distributed object.RDDs are super fast, and the Core Engine of Spark supports RDDs.

RDDs in Spark can only be created by parallelizing or referencing the other datasets.

RDDS works in a distributed fashion, meaning the dataset in RDD is divided into logical partitions, computed by different assigned nodes by cluster. Spark RDDs are fault tolerant; in spark, other datasets are based on RDDs.

RDD accepts the following types of datatypes —

  • Parquet, Text, Hadoop inputs, Avro, Sequence Files, etc.
  • Amazon S3, Cassandra, HBase, HDFS, etc.

In RDD, data is distributed across multiple nodes, making it work in a distributed manner.

RDD supports lazy evaluation, which means it doesn’t compute anything until the value is required.

  • sc.parallelize It transforms a series into an RDD.

Series to RDD transformation.

data = range(1,30)
# print first element of iterator
print(data[0])
len(data)
xRDD = sc.parallelize(data, 5)

RDD Transformations

Transformations are the rules that must be followed for the computation.RDDs are lazy evaluations that indicate that no calculations will be performed until the actions are called.

This transformation will be stored as a set of rules and implemented at the action stage.

# Reduces each number by 2
sRDD = xrangeRDD.map(lambda x: x-2)
# selects all number less than 20
filteredRDD = sRDD.filter(lambda x : x<20)

RDD Actions

Actions are the actual computation process. after applying the transformation, we need to call actions whenever we need the values. It helps in data integrity.

print(filteredRDD.collect())
filteredRDD.count()

Output:

output

Conclusion

In this article, we talked about the ecosystem of Big Data and the various types of tools the Big data Ecosystem is made up of.

We talked about the role of distributed systems and how Spark works in Big data.

Spark Architecture contains a driver node, context reader, and node manager. Spark works in a distributed manner, the same as Hadoop, but alike Hadoop, it uses In-memory computation instead of disk.

We discussed RDD and Transformations and actions.

  • Spark RDDs can’t be modified only can be replaced.
  • Spark RDDs are lazy evaluated, which helps in data integrity and doesn’t let data corrupt.
  • Spark Supports distributed SQL that is built on top of RDDs
  • Spark Supports various machine learning models, including CNN as well as NLPs.

Thanks for reading this article

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Abhishek Jaiswal
Abhishek Jaiswal

A data enthusiast exploring the leading technologies related to the data

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An End-to-End Starter Guide on Apache Spark and RDD
An End-to-End Starter Guide on Apache Spark and RDD
Beginners Guide on Apache Spark & RDDs
Beginners Guide on Apache Spark & RDDs

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